Mallory O Johnson1, Torsten B Neilands1, Kimberly A Koester1, Troy Wood1, John A Sauceda1, Samantha E Dilworth1, Michael J Mugavero2, Heidi M Crane3, Rob J Fredericksen3, Kenneth H Mayer4, William C Mathews5, Richard D Moore6, Sonia Napravnik7, Katerina A Christopoulos8. 1. Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA. 2. Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. 3. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 4. Fenway Health and Department of Medicine, The Fenway Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 5. Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA. 6. Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. 7. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. 8. Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Engagement in care is critical to achieving and sustaining optimal benefits of efficacious antiretroviral therapies for HIV infection. Current metrics of engagement in care, including problematic patterns of retention in care, adherence to treatment, and viral suppression, are often detected late in the disengagement process. We sought to develop and validate a patient-centered screener of engagement in care that can be used to identify deficits in patient perceptions of engagement before the development of poor outcomes, including loss to follow-up, treatment nonadherence, virologic failure, and the resulting increased likelihood of HIV-associated morbidity and mortality and onward transmission of HIV. SETTING AND METHODS: Using input from patients, providers, and researchers through in-person focus groups and an online Delphi process, we developed a self-report measure of engagement in care that was validated with 3296 patients from 7 clinics across the United States. RESULTS: Results supported a single dimension of engagement in care measured by 10 items. Lower scores on the HIV Index were related to higher depression and anxiety symptoms, greater use of alcohol and stimulants, and increased likelihood of reporting internalized HIV stigma. Higher Index scores were positively associated with self-report measures of antiretroviral therapy adherence, corroborative clinic records documenting appointment attendance, and increased likelihood of recent viral load suppression. CONCLUSIONS: The HIV Index offers promise as a patient-centered diagnostic and prognostic screener for engagement in care that can be used to trigger interventions to promote better clinical outcomes for persons living with HIV.
BACKGROUND: Engagement in care is critical to achieving and sustaining optimal benefits of efficacious antiretroviral therapies for HIV infection. Current metrics of engagement in care, including problematic patterns of retention in care, adherence to treatment, and viral suppression, are often detected late in the disengagement process. We sought to develop and validate a patient-centered screener of engagement in care that can be used to identify deficits in patient perceptions of engagement before the development of poor outcomes, including loss to follow-up, treatment nonadherence, virologic failure, and the resulting increased likelihood of HIV-associated morbidity and mortality and onward transmission of HIV. SETTING AND METHODS: Using input from patients, providers, and researchers through in-person focus groups and an online Delphi process, we developed a self-report measure of engagement in care that was validated with 3296 patients from 7 clinics across the United States. RESULTS: Results supported a single dimension of engagement in care measured by 10 items. Lower scores on the HIV Index were related to higher depression and anxiety symptoms, greater use of alcohol and stimulants, and increased likelihood of reporting internalized HIV stigma. Higher Index scores were positively associated with self-report measures of antiretroviral therapy adherence, corroborative clinic records documenting appointment attendance, and increased likelihood of recent viral load suppression. CONCLUSIONS: The HIV Index offers promise as a patient-centered diagnostic and prognostic screener for engagement in care that can be used to trigger interventions to promote better clinical outcomes for persons living with HIV.
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