Yacong Bo1, Eng-Kiong Yeoh1, Cui Guo1, Zilong Zhang1, Tony Tam2, Ta-Chien Chan3,4, Ly-Yun Chang5,6, Xiang Qian Lao1,7. 1. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. 2. Department of Sociology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. 3. Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. 4. Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. 5. MJ Health Research Foundation, MJ Group, Taiwan. 6. Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. 7. Shenzhen Research Institute of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Little information is available regarding the effect of sleep on the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This large-cohort study aimed to investigate the association between sleep and the incidence of CKD. METHODS: We recruited 194,039 participants without CKD aged 20 years or older between 1996 and 2014. Incident CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Information about sleep duration and quality was obtained from a questionnaire and used to generate a score reflecting the sleep profile. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for CKD associations with sleep duration, quality, and score categories. RESULTS: Regarding sleep duration, participants who slept for fewer than 4 hours (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.22-1.71), 4 to 6 hours (1.07, 1.02-1.14), or more than 8 hours (1.12, 1.04-1.21) had an increased risk of incident CKD, compared to those who slept 6 to 8 hours. Regarding sleep quality, participants who fell asleep but awoke easily (1.13, 1.07-1.19), had difficulty falling asleep (1.14, 1.06-1.22), or used sleeping pills or sedatives (1.14, 1.20-1.66) had a higher risk of incident CKD, compared to those who slept well. Furthermore, participants with sleep scores of 4 to 6 (1.07, 1.02-1.13) and less than 4 (1.61, 1.37-1.89) had an increased risk of incident CKD, compared to those with a sleep score higher than 6. CONCLUSIONS: A poor sleep profile is associated with increased risk of CKD development. Therefore, sleep duration and quality should be considered when developing strategies to improve sleep and thus prevent CKD. COMMENTARY: A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 371.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Little information is available regarding the effect of sleep on the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This large-cohort study aimed to investigate the association between sleep and the incidence of CKD. METHODS: We recruited 194,039 participants without CKD aged 20 years or older between 1996 and 2014. Incident CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Information about sleep duration and quality was obtained from a questionnaire and used to generate a score reflecting the sleep profile. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for CKD associations with sleep duration, quality, and score categories. RESULTS: Regarding sleep duration, participants who slept for fewer than 4 hours (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.22-1.71), 4 to 6 hours (1.07, 1.02-1.14), or more than 8 hours (1.12, 1.04-1.21) had an increased risk of incident CKD, compared to those who slept 6 to 8 hours. Regarding sleep quality, participants who fell asleep but awoke easily (1.13, 1.07-1.19), had difficulty falling asleep (1.14, 1.06-1.22), or used sleeping pills or sedatives (1.14, 1.20-1.66) had a higher risk of incident CKD, compared to those who slept well. Furthermore, participants with sleep scores of 4 to 6 (1.07, 1.02-1.13) and less than 4 (1.61, 1.37-1.89) had an increased risk of incident CKD, compared to those with a sleep score higher than 6. CONCLUSIONS: A poor sleep profile is associated with increased risk of CKD development. Therefore, sleep duration and quality should be considered when developing strategies to improve sleep and thus prevent CKD. COMMENTARY: A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 371.
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