Jeremy P Koelmel1, Candice Z Ulmer2, Susan Fogelson3, Christina M Jones4, Hannes Botha5,6, Jacqueline T Bangma7, Theresa C Guillette8, Wilmien J Luus-Powell6, Joseph R Sara6, Willem J Smit6, Korin Albert9, Harmony A Miller10, Matthew P Guillette11, Berkley C Olsen12, Jason A Cochran13, Timothy J Garrett1,14, Richard A Yost1,14, John A Bowden15,16. 1. Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1395 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. 2. Marine Biochemical Sciences Group, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA. 3. Department of Pathology, Fishhead Labs LLC, 5658 SE Pine Ave, Stuart, FL, 34997, USA. 4. Organic Chemical Measurement Science Group, Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA. 5. Scientific Services, Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa. 6. Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa. 7. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, 221 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA. 8. Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 127 David Clark labs, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. 9. National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA. 10. Rosemary Birthing Home, 800 Central Ave, Sarasota, FL, 34236, USA. 11. Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 127 David Clark Labs, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. 12. College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, 1225 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. 13. College of Engineering, University of Florida, 412 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. 14. Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. 15. Marine Biochemical Sciences Group, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA. john.bowden@ufl.edu. 16. Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. john.bowden@ufl.edu.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Lipidomics is an emerging field with great promise for biomarker and mechanistic studies due to lipids diverse biological roles. Clinical research applying lipidomics is drastically increasing, with research methods and tools developed for clinical applications equally promising for wildlife studies. OBJECTIVES: Limited research to date has applied lipidomics, especially of the intact lipidome, to wildlife studies. Therefore, we examine the application of lipidomics for in situ studies on Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) in Loskop Dam, South Africa. Wide-scale mortality events of aquatic life associated with an environmentally-derived inflammatory disease, pansteatitis, have occurred in this area. METHODS: The lipidome of adipose tissue (n = 31) and plasma (n = 51) from tilapia collected from Loskop Dam were characterized using state of the art liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Lipid profiles reflected pansteatitis severity and were significantly different between diseased and healthy individuals. Over 13 classes of lipids associated with inflammation, cell death, and/or oxidative damage were upregulated in pansteatitis-affected adipose tissue, including ether-lipids, short-chained triglyceride oxidation products, sphingolipids, and acylcarnitines. Ceramides showed a 1000-fold increase in the most affected adipose tissues and were sensitive to disease severity. In plasma, triglycerides were found to be downregulated in pansteatitis-affected tilapia. CONCLUSION: Intact lipidomics provided useful mechanistic data and possible biomarkers of pansteatitis. Lipids pointed to upregulated inflammatory pathways, and ceramides serve as promising biomarker candidates for pansteatitis. As comprehensive coverage of the lipidome aids in the elucidation of possible disease mechanisms, application of lipidomics could be applied to the understanding of other environmentally-derived inflammatory conditions, such as those caused by obesogens.
INTRODUCTION: Lipidomics is an emerging field with great promise for biomarker and mechanistic studies due to lipids diverse biological roles. Clinical research applying lipidomics is drastically increasing, with research methods and tools developed for clinical applications equally promising for wildlife studies. OBJECTIVES: Limited research to date has applied lipidomics, especially of the intact lipidome, to wildlife studies. Therefore, we examine the application of lipidomics for in situ studies on Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) in Loskop Dam, South Africa. Wide-scale mortality events of aquatic life associated with an environmentally-derived inflammatory disease, pansteatitis, have occurred in this area. METHODS: The lipidome of adipose tissue (n = 31) and plasma (n = 51) from tilapia collected from Loskop Dam were characterized using state of the art liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS:Lipid profiles reflected pansteatitis severity and were significantly different between diseased and healthy individuals. Over 13 classes of lipids associated with inflammation, cell death, and/or oxidative damage were upregulated in pansteatitis-affected adipose tissue, including ether-lipids, short-chained triglyceride oxidation products, sphingolipids, and acylcarnitines. Ceramides showed a 1000-fold increase in the most affected adipose tissues and were sensitive to disease severity. In plasma, triglycerides were found to be downregulated in pansteatitis-affected tilapia. CONCLUSION: Intact lipidomics provided useful mechanistic data and possible biomarkers of pansteatitis. Lipids pointed to upregulated inflammatory pathways, and ceramides serve as promising biomarker candidates for pansteatitis. As comprehensive coverage of the lipidome aids in the elucidation of possible disease mechanisms, application of lipidomics could be applied to the understanding of other environmentally-derived inflammatory conditions, such as those caused by obesogens.
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