G Villa1, C C Campisi2, M Ryan3, F Boccardo3, P Di Summa4, M Frascio5, G Sambuceti1, C Campisi3. 1. U.O. of Nuclear Medicine, Polyclinic Hospital 'San Martino', Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy. 2. Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery-GVM Care & Research, Private Hospitals, Reggio Emilia, Rapallo (GE), Turin, Italy. 3. Department of Surgery (DISC), Unit of Lymphatic Surgery & Microsurgery, Polyclinic Hospital 'San Martino', Genoa, Italy. 4. 4Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Lausanne CHUV, Lausanne, CH Switzerland. 5. Department of Surgery (DISC), Polyclinic Hospital 'San Martino', Genoa, Italy.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Lymphoscintigraphy is the gold standard for imaging in the diagnosis of peripheral lymphedema. However, there are no clear guidelines to standardize usage across centers, and as such, large variability exists. The aim of this perspectives paper is to draw upon the knowledge and extensive experience of lymphoscintigraphy here in Genoa, Italy, from our center of excellence in the assessment and treatment of lymphatic disorders for over 30 years to provide general guidelines for nuclear medicine specialists. METHOD: The authors describe the technical characteristics of lymphoscintigraphy in patients with limb swelling. Radioactive tracers, dosage, administration sites, and the rationale for a two-compartment protocol with the inclusion of subfascial lymphatic vessels are all given in detail. RESULTS: Examples of lymphoscintigraphic investigations with various subgroups of patients are discussed. The concept of a transport index (TI) for semi-quantitative analysis of normal/pathological lymphatic flow is introduced. Different concepts of injection techniques are outlined. DISCUSSION: It is past time that lymphoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of lymphatic disorders becomes standardized. This represents our first attempt to outline a clear protocol and delineate the relevant points for lymphoscintigraphy in this patient population.
INTRODUCTION: Lymphoscintigraphy is the gold standard for imaging in the diagnosis of peripheral lymphedema. However, there are no clear guidelines to standardize usage across centers, and as such, large variability exists. The aim of this perspectives paper is to draw upon the knowledge and extensive experience of lymphoscintigraphy here in Genoa, Italy, from our center of excellence in the assessment and treatment of lymphatic disorders for over 30 years to provide general guidelines for nuclear medicine specialists. METHOD: The authors describe the technical characteristics of lymphoscintigraphy in patients with limb swelling. Radioactive tracers, dosage, administration sites, and the rationale for a two-compartment protocol with the inclusion of subfascial lymphatic vessels are all given in detail. RESULTS: Examples of lymphoscintigraphic investigations with various subgroups of patients are discussed. The concept of a transport index (TI) for semi-quantitative analysis of normal/pathological lymphatic flow is introduced. Different concepts of injection techniques are outlined. DISCUSSION: It is past time that lymphoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of lymphatic disorders becomes standardized. This represents our first attempt to outline a clear protocol and delineate the relevant points for lymphoscintigraphy in this patient population.
Entities:
Keywords:
Epifascial and subfascial lymphatic vessels; Limb swelling; Lymphoscintigraphy; Semi-quantitative transport index
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