Food authentication: Multi-elemental analysis of white asparagus for provenance discrimination.

Prediction of the geographic origin of white asparagus was realized using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and machine learning techniques. The elemental profile of 319 asparagus samples originating from Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, Greece, Spain, China and Peru was determined. Using a support vector machine (SVM) combined with nested cross-validation, a prediction accuracy of 91.2% was achieved when classifying the country of origin. Accuracy can be increased up to 98% on subsets of samples with high SVM prediction scores. Most relevant elements for provenance discrimination were lithium, cobalt, rubidium, strontium, uranium and the rare earth elements. In addition, the multi-elemental method provided specific fingerprints of asparagus cultivation sites as German samples could be assigned correctly with an accuracy of 82.6%. Asparagus variety and harvest year had no significant influence on provenance distinction, which further underlines the robustness of this study.