α-Selective Glycosylation with β-Glycosyl Sulfonium Ions Prepared via Intramolecular Alkylation.

Stereoselective glycosylation remains the main challenge in the chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides. Herein we report a simple method to convert thioglycosides into β-sulfonium ions via an intramolecular alkylation reaction, leading to highly α-selective glycosylations for a variety of glycosyl acceptors. The influence of the thioglycoside substituent and the protecting group pattern on the glycosyl donor was investigated and showed a clear correlation with the observed stereoselectivity.

The main challenge of chemical oligosaccharide synthesis is the stereoselective synthesis of glycosidic bonds.[1,2] In general, 1,2-trans-glycosides can be synthesized by exploiting neighboring group participation of a C-2 acyl group. The introduction of 1,2-cis-glycosidic linkages is much more challenging and requires glycosyl donors having a nonassisting functionality at C-2.[3] In general, these glycosylations are less selective and require optimization to achieve acceptable anomeric ratios. The development of methodology for stereoselective 1,2-cis-glycosylation using a generally applicable principle is therefore highly desirable as it allows for the use of standardized monosaccharide building blocks. In this respect, the formation of glycosyl sulfonium ions holds considerable potential.[4−7] In particular, the use of C-2 auxiliaries to attain highly selective 1,2-cis-glycosylations via neighboring group participation allows for careful tuning of donor reactivity and stereoselectivity.[8] First reported by Boons et al., C-2 chiral auxiliaries such as the (S)-(phenylthiomethyl)benzyl ether can be employed for the stereoselective introduction of 1,2-cis glycosides such as α-glucosides and α-galactosides.[9] Neighboring group participation by the chiral auxiliary leads to a quasi-stable anomeric sulfonium ion (Figure ), which, due to steric and electronic factors, is formed as a trans-decalin ring system. Subsequent SN2-like displacement of the sulfonium ion then leads to the stereoselective formation of α-glycosides.[10,11] Although this methodology is highly stereoselective in many cases, the stereoselectivity depends on the protecting groups on the glycosyl donor and the structure of the auxiliary.[10,12−20] Since the intermediate β-sulfonium ion is in rapid equilibrium with the oxocarbenium ion, its formation alone is not a guarantee for α-selective glycosylation since it may not be a reactive intermediate in the glycosylation mechanism.[8,13,15,21,22] In addition, the preparation of glycosyl donors equipped with a C-2 auxiliary is still labor intensive.

Figure 1

Retrosynthetic routes toward cyclic β-sulfonium ions.

Herein we report a simple method to prepare anomeric β-sulfonium ions from the corresponding β-thioglycosides via an intramolecular alkylation reaction. Thioglycoside precursors equipped with a C-2 2-hydroxyethyl group were prepared using a straightforward three-step procedure starting from commercially available glycal precursors. Triflation of the 2-hydroxyethyl group led to intramolecular β-sulfonium ion formation and subsequent glycosylation. The influence of the thiophenyl substituent and the nature of the protecting groups on the stereochemical outcome of the reaction were investigated. The results reveal a systematic trend of increasing α-selectivity with an increase in electron density on the sulfonium ion and decrease in electron density on the oxocarbenium ion. Hence, the most α-selective couplings were achieved with a 2,4,6-trimethoxy thiophenyl group and 2,4-dichloro benzyl-protecting groups. The preactivation of the glycosyl donor allowed for the use of thioglycoside acceptors opening the possibility for iterative thioglycoside couplings.

Glycosyl donors equipped with a 2-hydroxyethyl group at C-2 were prepared from benzyl-protected glucal and galactal. Oxidation of these glycals with oxone in acetone led to the formation of the α-1,2-anhydro sugars, which were reacted directly with thiophenol derivatives and ZnCl2 to yield the corresponding β-thioglycosides as the main product in moderate to good yields (Table ).[23] To investigate the effect of the thiophenyl group on the stereoselectivity, thiophenol, 4-methoxy-thiophenol (PMP), 2,6-dimethoxy thiophenol (DMP), and 2,4,6-trimethoxy thiophenol (TMP) were used, yielding the corresponding thiogluco- and galactosides (Table , entries 1–8).[24] Next, the C-2 2-hydroxyethyl group was installed using THP-protected bromoethanol and NaH followed by THP removal catalyzed by p-TsOH.

Table 1

Two-Step Synthesis of Glycosyl Donors 7b–18b

entry	compound	type	R	Ar	7a–18a yield (%)a	7b–18b yield (%)b
1	7	Glc	Bn	Ph	37	81
2	8	Glc	Bn	PMP	47	70
3	9	Glc	Bn	DMP	39	81
4	10	Glc	Bn	TMP	76	83
5	11	Gal	Bn	Ph	64	20
6	12	Gal	Bn	PMP	26	69
7	13	Gal	Bn	DMP	55	66
8	14	Gal	Bn	TMP	59	41
9	15	Glc	CBn	TMP	61	82
10	16	Glc	2,4-DCBn	TMP	50	72
11	17	Gal	CBn	TMP	60	85
12	18	Gal	2,4-DCBn	TMP	50	74

Isolated yields of the β-thioglycoside products.

Isolated yield over two steps.

Next, we investigated the possibility to perform glycosylations with 7b–14b by intramolecular alkylation of the thioglycoside to form intermediate β-sulfonium ions. To this end, 7b–14b were reacted with Tf2O and 2,6-ditertbutyl-4-methyl-pyridine (DTBMP) in DCM at −40 °C, and the reactions were allowed to warm to 0 °C. Subsequent addition of glycosyl acceptor 21 (−78 °C to rt) led to the formation of disaccharides 22–29 in moderate to good yields (Table , entries 1–8). A clear trend of increasing α-stereoselectivity was observed with an increasing electron-donating character of the aryl group in both the gluco and galacto series. The galacto series was more α-selective than the gluco series, consistent with earlier findings.[22]

Table 2

Glycosylation Results of Compounds 7b–20b

entry	type	donor	Ar	R	α/βa	yield (%)	product
1	Glc	7b	Ph	Bn	2.5/1	71	22
2	Glc	8b	PMP	Bn	2.5/1	62	23
3	Glc	9b	DMP	Bn	3.5/1	83	24
4	Glc	10b	TMP	Bn	4/1	76	25
5	Gal	11b	Ph	Bn	3/1	55	26
6	Gal	12b	PMP	Bn	3/1	36	27
7	Gal	13b	DMP	Bn	6/1	37	28
8	Gal	14b	TMP	Bn	7/1	59	29
9	Glc	15b	TMP	CBn	5/1	75	30
10	Glc	19b	TMP	CNBn	7.5/1	65	31
11	Glc	16b	TMP	2,4-DCBn	9/1	81	32
12	Gal	17b	TMP	CBn	9/1	33	33
13	Gal	20b	TMP	CNBn	12.5/1	87	34
14	Gal	18b	TMP	2,4-DCBn	13/1	68	35

α/β ratios were determined using NMR spectroscopy of the crude reaction mixture after extraction.[25,26]

However, the stereoselectivity of the TMP donor 10b was considerably lower (α/β = 4/1) than expected based on an earlier report (α-only).[14] To investigate if the reaction indeed proceeds via a β-sulfonium ion, we performed low-temperature NMR studies. Glycosyl donor 10b was reacted with Tf2O and DTBMP in CD2Cl2 at −78 °C (Figure ). Upon warming to −20 °C, a highly pure β-sulfonium ion was formed via intramolecular alkylation (Figure C,D). This result does therefore not explain the discrepancy in stereoselectivity. Since our activation method is different, we reproduced the reported experiment (Supporting Information). In our hands, this reaction gave the same α/β = 4/1 ratio as obtained with our new coupling protocol (Table , entry 4).

Figure 2

Low-temperature NMR spectra of the sulfonium ion derived from 10b. (A) 1H NMR spectrum of 10b at −78 °C in CD2Cl2. (B) 1H NMR of 10b at −78 °C after the addition of Tf2O. (C) 1H NMR at −20 °C. (D) 1H NMR at −20 °C after 30 min. Complete conversion to sulfonium ion 10c is observed.

To further improve the α-selectivity, we turned our attention to the protecting groups. It is known that more electron-withdrawing protecting groups improve the α-selectivity of glycosylation proceeding via β-sulfonium ions.[11,16] To investigate the role in our system, benzyl ethers with increasingly electron-withdrawing substituents were installed.[27] Benzyl ethers were used to minimize alternate reaction pathways such as neighboring group participation that may arise when using ester-protecting groups. To this end, glycal precursors were prepared equipped with benzyl (Bn), p-chlorobenzyl (CBn) and 2,4-dichlorobenzyl (2,4-DCBn) ethers (Supporting Information). Subsequent oxidation and reaction with 2,4,6-trimethoxy thiophenol afforded TMP thioglycosides 15a–18a (Table , entries 9–12). Finally, installation of the 2-hydroxyethyl group as before yielded glycosyl donors 15b–18b. In addition, the CBn protected donors 15b and 17b were converted to the p-cyanobenzyl (CNBn) derivatives (19b and 20b) using a recently reported procedure.[28]

Next, we evaluated the glycosylation properties of 15b–20b (Table , entries 9–14) using the aforementioned glycosylation protocol. As expected, a clear trend was observed with increasingly electron-withdrawing benzyl ethers with 2,4-DCBn giving the most α-selective results. The optimal combination for α-selective glycosylation is therefore the electron-rich 2,4,6-trimethylthiophenyl group and the electron-withdrawing 2,4-DCBn group to protect the C-3, C-4, and C-6 positions. Using this optimal combination for both glucose (16b) and galactose (18b), the glycosyl acceptor scope was investigated. To this end, two additional glycosyl acceptors 36 and 37 were evaluated (Table ).

Table 3

Glycosyl Acceptor Scope of Glycosyl Donors 16b and 18b

α/β ratios were determined using NMR spectroscopy of the crude reaction mixture after extraction.[25,26]

From the results, it is clear that the α-stereoselecitivity is maintained across different glycosyl acceptors. It is noteworthy that thioglycoside acceptors could be used (37) to perform chemoselective coupling of thioglycoside donors 16b and 18b. Hence, the developed method is amendable to iterative thioglycoside couplings.

Finally, the importance of the β-sulfonium ion as a reactive intermediate was investigated using a number of control experiments (Table ). The effect of electron-withdrawing protecting groups on the stereoselectivity can be explained by widening of the energy gap between the oxocarbenium and sulfonium ion. The inductive effect of the protecting groups is more remote from the sulfonium ion than the oxocarbenium ion and hence affect the latter intermediate to a greater extend. We prepared glycosyl donors containing a C-2 nonparticipating group (Bn or Pr) and Bn or 2,4-DCBn groups at the remaining sites. Using these donors, a preactivation method was not possible at the typically used glycosylation temperature (0 °C), and hence, we resorted to premix conditions (NIS, TfOH). From the results, it is clear that in both the C-2 OBn- and OPr-protected donors the α-selectivity increased with increased electron-withdrawing protecting groups (Table , entries 1–4).

Table 4

Control Experiments To Evaluate the Contribution of the β-Sulfonium Ion Intermediate in the Reaction Mechanisma

entry	donor	R	R1 (method)	α/βb	yield (%)	product
1	42	Bn	Bn (A)	1.4/1	68	50
2	43	2,4-DCBn	Bn (A)	4/1	57	51
3	44	Bn	Propyl (A)	1.2/1	65	52
4	45	2,4-DCBn	Propyl (A)	3/1	51	53
5	46	Bn	(CH2)3OH (B)	2/1	71	54
6	47	2,4-DCBn	(CH2)3OH (B)	2.5/1	49	55
7	48	Bn	Ac (A)	>1/20	83	56
8	49	2,4-DCBn	Ac (A)	>1/20	60	57

Method A: 21, NIS, TfOH, DCM, 0 °C. Method B: (1) Tf2O, DTBMP, DCM, −40 to 0 °C; (2) 21, −40 °C to rt.

α/β ratios were determined using NMR spectroscopy of the crude reaction mixture after extraction.[25,26]

This suggests that the background reaction taking place in the sulfonium ion reactions also becomes more α-selective. It is clear that the sulfonium ion intermediate is important for α-selectivity since these reactions are considerably more selective (α/β = 9/1 vs 4/1). This is highlighted by the fact that increasing the ring size by the use of a C-2 3-hydroxypropyl group led to a complete loss of stereoselectivity regardless of the protecting group used (Table , entries 5 and 6). To demonstrate that late-stage switching to β-selective couplings is possible and is not affected by the protecting group pattern, compound 10a was acetylated and coupled using NIS/TfOH (Table , entries 7– and 8). Using this synthetic route, late-stage introduction of the C-2 functionality allows the synthesis of a highly α- (10b) and β-selective (49) glycosyl donor in a one-step procedure starting from a general building block (10a). Finally, deprotection of the auxiliary of 32 was achieved using a previously reported procedure involving methylation of the thioether followed by elimination under basic conditions to afford the corresponding C-2 OH compound (58).[14]

In conclusion, a novel and versatile methodology for the formation of α-glycosidic linkages was developed. Thioglycosides were activated to form β-sulfonium ions via an intramolecular alkylation reaction. The reactivity and selectivity of the β-sulfonium ions was modulated by the systematic variation of the thioglycoside substituent and the electronic nature of the protecting groups. An electron-rich thioglycoside with electron-withdrawing protecting groups proved to be the optimal combination. Consistent α-selectivity was observed for a number of glycosyl acceptors. In addition, chemoselective coupling of glycosyl donor thioglyocosides to thioglycoside acceptors is possible. Mechanistic studies indicate the electron-withdrawing protecting groups also improve the α-selectivity of C-2 benzyl-protected donors in addition to the sulfonium ion. Late-stage modulation of donor selectivity is possible by introduction of the 2-hydroxy ethyl substituent for α-selectivity or the installation of a C-2 acetyl group for β-selective couplings.

Experimental Section

General Procedures

1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker 400 or 500 MHz spectrometer. Chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS), or residual solvents as the internal standard. NMR data is presented as follows: chemical shift, multiplicity (s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, dd = doublet of doublets, m = multiplet and/or multiple resonances), coupling constant (J) in hertz (Hz), integration. All NMR signals were assigned on the basis of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY, HSQC, and TOCSY experiments. NMR data is presented for the major anomer. Mass spectra were recorded on an JEOL AccuTOF CS JMS-T100CS mass spectrometer. Optical rotations were measured at 589 nm using a PerkinElmer Polarimeter Model 241 MC. Automatic flash column chromatography was performed using Biotage Isolera Spektra One, using SNAP cartridges (Biotage, 30–100 μm, 60 Å), 10–50 g. TLC analysis was conducted on silica gel F254 (Merck KGaA) with detection by UV absorption (254 nm) where applicable and by spraying with 10% sulfuric acid in methanol followed by charring at ≈300 °C. DCM, THF, and toluene were freshly distilled. Molecular sieves (4 Å) were flame-activated under a vacuum prior to use. All inert reactions were carried out under an argon atmosphere using flame-dried flasks.

General Procedure A

d-Glucal or d-galactal was dissolved in dry DMF (0.2 M) under an inert atmosphere and cooled to 0 °C. NaH (8 equiv; 60% dispersion in mineral oil) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min, after which the corresponding benzylating agent (5 equiv) was added. The reaction was stirred for 16 h at ambient temperature, after which it was quenched with MeOH. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and taken up in DCM (100 mL) and water (100 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (2 × 100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the crude product.

General Procedure B

To a cooled (0 °C) solution of a benzylated glycal (2.4 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) were added acetone (1 mL) and saturated aqueous NaHCO3 (17 mL). The mixture was stirred vigorously, and a solution of oxone (4.8 mmol) in H2O (6 mL) was added dropwise over 15 min. The mixture was stirred vigorously at 0 °C for 30 min and then at rt until TLC indicated consumption of the starting material. The organic phase was separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (2 × 10 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was dissolved in dry DCM (23 mL). MS (4 Å) and the corresponding thiol (3.6 mmol) were added under an inert atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to −78 °C and stirred for 15 min. ZnCl2 (1 M in Et2O) (0.24 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred overnight while slowly warmed up to rt. The reaction was quenched with TEA and purified with silica gel flash column chromatography to obtain the pure product.

General Procedure C

An anomeric thioether with a free 2-OH (7a–19a) was dissolved in dry DMF (0.1 M) and cooled to 0 °C. NaH (4 equiv; 60% dispersion in mineral oil) was added, and the mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 15 min, after which the appropriate auxiliary (Br(CH2)2OTHP or Br(CH2)3OTHP) was added (4 equiv). The reaction was stirred for 16 h at ambient temperature, after which it was quenched with MeOH. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and was taken up in MeOH (25 mL). p-TsOH was added until a pH of 2 was reached. The reaction was stirred for 4 h and subsequently concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (20 mL) and washed with water (3 × 20 mL). The organic layer was dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the crude product.

General Procedure D

Thioglucosides 10a or 16a were dissolved in dry DMF (0.1 M), and the mixture was cooled to 0 °C. NaH (4 equiv; 60% dispersion in mineral oil) was added, and the mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 15 min, after which benzyl bromide or propyl bromide was added (4 equiv). The reaction was stirred for 16 h at ambient temperature, after which it was quenched with MeOH. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was taken up in EtOAc (20 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (3 × 20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure, yielding the crude product.

General Glycosylation Procedure E

The corresponding glycosyl donor (1 equiv) and DTBMP (4 equiv) were dissolved in dry DCM (0.05 M). MS (4 Å) were added, and the mixture was stirred at −40 °C for 15 min. Tf2O (1.5 equiv) was added, and the mixture was allowed to slowly warm up to 0 °C and stirred at 0 °C for 30 min. When TLC analysis indicated complete consumption of the triflated intermediate, the mixture was cooled down to −78 °C and the appropriate acceptor (1.5 equiv) was added. The reaction was left to warm up to rt in 16 h and was subsequently taken up in EtOAc (20 mL) and filtered. The filtrate was washed with aq Na2S2O3 (20 mL, 10%), brine (20 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the crude product.

General Glycosylation Procedure F

The corresponding glycosyl donor (1 equiv) and acceptor (2 equiv) were dissolved in dry DCM (0.05 M). MS (4 Å) were added, and the mixture was cooled to −5 °C. NIS (1.1 equiv) and TfOH (0.2 equiv) were added, and the reaction was stirred for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with Et3N and taken up in EtOAc (20 mL) and filtered. The filtrate was washed with aq Na2S2O3 (20 mL, 10%), brine (20 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the crude product.

3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-d-glucal (1)

Using general procedure A starting from d-glucal (5.13 g, 35.1 mmol) using benzyl bromide, the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane), affording 1 (13.3 g, 91%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 30/70 v/v): R = 0.55. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.37–7.21 (m, 15H), 6.42 (dd, J = 6.1, 1.3 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.87 (dd, J = 6.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H, H-2), 4.83 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 4.66–4.61 (m, 2H), 4.61–4.53 (m, 3H), 4.21 (ddd, J = 6.2, 2.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H, H-3), 4.06 (ddd, J = 8.3, 5.1, 2.9 Hz, 1H, H-5), 3.86 (dd, J = 8.7, 6.2 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.83–3.72 (m, 2H, H-6). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 144.7 (C-1), 138.3, 138.2, 138.0, 128.5, 128.4, 128.3, 127.9, 127.8, 127.7, 127.6, 99.9 (C-2), 76.7 (C-5), 75.7 (C-3), 74.4 (C-4), 73.8, 73.51, 70.45, 68.5 (C-6).

3,4,6-Tri-O-(4-chlorobenzyl)-d-glucal (2)

Using general procedure A starting from d-glucal (2.0 g, 13.7 mmol) using 4-chlorobenzyl chloride (11.0 g, 68 mmol), the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 20% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 2 (6.23 g, 88%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.76. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.33–7.19 (m, 11H), 7.16–7.10 (m, 2H), 6.41 (dd, J = 6.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.85 (dd, J = 6.2, 2.6 Hz, 1H, H-2), 4.75 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (d, J = 11.8 Hz, 2H), 4.54 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.50–4.45 (m, 2H), 4.18 (ddd, J = 6.3, 2.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H, H-3), 4.01 (ddd, J = 8.8, 4.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H, H-5), 3.81 (dd, J = 8.9, 6.3 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.77 (dd, J = 10.7, 4.8 Hz, 1H, H-6a), 3.72 (dd, J = 10.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H, H-6b). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 144.9 (C-1), 136.8, 136.6, 136.4, 133.54, 133.49, 133.46, 129.04, 129.01, 128.96, 128.60, 128.57, 99.7 (C-2), 76.7 (C-5), 76.0 (C-3), 74.5 (C-4), 72.9, 72.7, 69.6, 68.5 (C-6). HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C27H25Cl3O4Na, 541.0716; found, 541.0707.

3,4,6-Tri-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-d-glucal (3)

Using general procedure A starting from d-glucal (1.7 g, 11.6 mmol) using 2,4-dichloro-1-(chloromethyl)benzene, the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 20% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 3 (6.39 g, 90%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.76. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.49–7.26 (m, 9H), 7.25–7.15 (m, 3H), 6.45 (dd, J = 6.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.92 (dd, J = 6.2, 2.5 Hz, 1H, H-2), 4.89 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.71–4.66 (m, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 13.4 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (dd, J = 13.1, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 4.28 (ddd, J = 6.4, 2.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H, H-3), 4.07 (ddd, J = 9.1, 4.5, 2.6 Hz, 1H, H-5), 3.95–3.87 (m, 2H, H-4, H-6a), 3.82 (dd, J = 10.7, 2.7 Hz, 1H, H-6b). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 145.0 (C-1), 134.53, 134.50, 134.3, 133.94, 133.87, 133.8, 133.36, 133.33, 133.2, 130.0, 129.9, 129.8, 129.7, 129.6, 129.2, 129.07, 129.05, 129.01, 127.2, 127.10, 127.07, 127.03, 99.6 (C-2), 76.7 (C-3), 76.6 (C-5), 74.6 (C-4), 71.0, 70.2, 69.9, 69.3, 69.0 (C-6), 67.0. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C27H22Cl6O4Na, 642.9547; found, 642.9545.

3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-β-d-galactal (4)

Using general procedure A starting from d-galactal (5.00 g, 34.2 mmol) using benzyl bromide, silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 4 (12.39 g, 29.8 mmol, 87%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 50/50 v/v): R = 0.74. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.37–7.22 (m, 15H), 6.36 (dd, J = 6.2, 1.4 Hz (H-1)), 4.85 (ddd, J = 8.5, 6.6, 4.1 Hz, 1H, H-2), 4.67–4.58 (m, 3H), 4.50 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.21–4.15 (m, H-3, H-5), 3.96–3.92 (m, H-4), 3.78 (dd, J = 10.1, 7.2 Hz, H-6a), 3.65 (dd, J = 10.2, 5.1 Hz, H-6b). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 144.2 (C-1), 138.5, 138.4, 138.0, 128.4, 128.3, 128.2, 127.9, 127.7, 127.6, 127.5, 100.0 (C-2), 75.7 (C-5), 73.44, 73.35, 71.3 (H-4), 70.9, 70.8 (C-3), 68.5 (H-6). HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C27H28O4Na, 439.1885; found, 439.1877.

3,4,6-Tri-O-(4-chlorobenzyl)-β-d-galactal (5)

Using general procedure A starting from d-galactal (72 mg, 0.492 mmol) and 4-chlorobenzyl bromide, silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 5 (0.12 g, 0.231 mmol, 47%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 30/70 v/v): R = 0.37. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.25 (m, 12H), 6.36 (dd, J = 6.3, 1.4 Hz, H-1), 4.84 (ddd, J = 6.3, 3.0, 1.2 Hz, H-2), 4.79 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (m, H-3, H-5), 3.91 (m, H-4), 3.74 (dd, J = 10.1, 7.2 Hz, H-6a), 3.63 (dd, J = 10.1, 5.1 Hz, H-6b). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 144.3 (C-1), 136.8, 136.7, 136.4, 133.54, 133.52, 133.4, 132.6, 129.2, 129.1, 128.7, 128.58, 128.56, 128.50, 99.6 (C-2), 75.5 (C-5), 72.6, 72.5, 71.6 (C-4), 70.8 (C-3), 70.2, 68.2 (C-6). HRMS (ESI-TOF)(m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C27H25Cl3O4Na, 541.0716; found, 541.0709.

3,4,6-Tri-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-β-d-galactal (6)

Using general procedure A starting from d-galactal (2.0 g, 13.7 mmol) and 2,4-dichlorobenzyl chloride, silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 6 (3.88 g, 6.29 mmol, 46%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 30/70 v/v): R = 0.60. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.46–7.15 (m, 9H), 6.41 (dd, J = 6.2, 1.3 Hz, H-1), 4.93–4.87 (m, 1H, H-2), 4.72 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.66–4.58 (m, 2H), 4.51 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 4.32–4.26 (m, H-3, H-5), 4.08–4.04 (m, H-4), 3.87–3.76 (m, H-6a, H-6b). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 144.4 (C-1), 134.70, 134.65, 134.2, 134.0, 133.8, 133.6, 133.1, 133.0, 130.07, 130.01, 129.6, 129.2, 129.0, 128.9, 127.11, 127.07, 99.5 (C-2), 75.3 (C-5), 72.4 (H-4), 71.6 (C-3), 70.0, 69.9, 68.6 (C-6), 67.8. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C27H22Cl6O4Na, 642.9547; found, 642.9545.

3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-(2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenethio)ethyl-α-d-glycopyranosyl)trichloroacetimidate (10d)

Glucosyl donor 10b (1 equiv) and DTBMP (4 equiv) were dissolved in dry DCM (2 mL). MS (4 Å) were added under an inert atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred at −40 °C for 15 min. Tf2O (1.5 equiv) was added, and the mixture was allowed to slowly warm up to 0 °C and stirred at 0 °C for 30 min. When TLC analysis indicated complete consumption of the triflated intermediate, the mixture was quenched with H2O, taken up in EtOAc (20 mL), and filtered. The filtrate was washed with aq Na2S2O3 (20 mL, 10%) and brine (20 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified using silica gel flash column chromatography (20% to 60% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding the lactol (98 mg, 0.16 mmol, 63%). The lactol (1 equiv) was dissolved in dry DCM (0.015 M). Trichloroacetonitrile (10 equiv) and DBU (4 equiv) were added, and the mixture was stirred at 0 °C. After 7 h, TLC showed the formation of a major product. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo and purified using silica gel flash column chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc 20%, with 1% TEA) to afford 10d (51 mg, 84%). Spectral data were consistent with literature values of the reported compound by Singh et al.[14] Using 10d, a glycosylation reaction under identical conditions was performed as reported by Singh et al. In our hands, this experiment gave a 4/1 α/β ratio. This is consistent with the results obtained with 10b but different from the report by Singh et al.

Phenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (7a)

Using general procedure B starting from 1(0.81 g, 1.52 mmol) and thiophenol, silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 7a (0.30 g, 0.56 mmol, 37%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 30/70 v/v): R = 0.4. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.60–7.52 (m, 2H), 7.37–7.16 (m, 18H), 4.91 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1H), 4.86–4.80 (m, 2H), 4.61 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H (H-1)), 3.79 (dd, J = 10.9, 2.0 Hz, 1H (H-6)), 3.73 (dd, J = 11.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H (H-6)), 3.64–3.46 (m, 4H (H-2, H-3, H-4, H-5)), 2.45 (s, 1H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 138.4, 138.2, 138.0, 132.8, 131.7, 128.9, 128.5, 128.4, 128.3, 128.0, 127.92, 127.89, 127.7, 127.6, 127.5, 88.0 (C-1), 85.9 (C-3), 79.4 (C-5), 77.3 (C-4), 75.3, 75.0, 73.4, 72.5 (C-2), 68.9 (C-6). HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C33H34O5SNa, 565.2025; found, 565.2022

4-Methoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (8a)

Using general procedure B starting from 1 (0.185 g, 0.446 mmol) and 4-methoxythiophenol, silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 8a (0.12 g, 0.21 mmol, 47%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.7. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.50 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.38–7.15 (m, 14H), 6.76 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.93–4.78 (m, 3H), 4.64–4.51 (m, 3H), 4.36 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H (H-1)), 3.80–3.72 (m, 5H (H-6, H-6, OMe)), 3.61–3.53 (m, 2H (H-3, H-4)), 3.50 (ddd, J = 7.4, 4.3, 2.1 Hz, 1H (H-5)), 3.40 (dd, J = 9.6, 8.4 Hz, 1H (H-2)), 2.41 (s, 1H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 160.2, 138.5, 138.4, 138.1, 136.0, 128.5, 128.43, 128.35, 128.01, 127.98, 127.8, 127.64, 127.56, 121.1, 114.5, 88.0 (C-1), 85.9 (C-3), 79.4 (C-5), 77.4 (C-4), 75.3, 75.1, 73.5, 72.3 (C-2), 69.0 (C-6), 55.3. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C34H36O6SNa, 595.2130; found, 595.2134

2,6-Dimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (9a)

Using general procedure B starting from 1 (0.779 g, 1.87 mmol) and 2,6-dimethoxythiophenol, silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 9a (0.44 g, 0.731 mmol, 39%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.6. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.45–7.08 (m, 16H), 6.56 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.04 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (dd, J = 11.0, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 4.57–4.50 (m, 2H), 4.46 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H, H-1), 3.83 (m, 7H), 3.79 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 2H (H-6, H-6)), 3.61 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H (H-3)), 3.53 (dd, J = 9.7, 8.7 Hz, 1H (H-4)), 3.46 (dt, J = 9.7, 2.7 Hz, 1H (H-5)), 3.32 (ddd, J = 9.5, 8.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H (H-2)). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.2, 138.8, 138.4, 138.3, 131.6, 128.27, 128.26, 128.2, 127.9, 127.8, 127.7, 127.6, 127.5, 127.4, 105.0, 104.6, 88.4 (C-1), 85.6 (C-3), 80.0 (C-5), 76.9 (C-4), 75.2, 75.0, 73.6, 73.5 (C-2), 69.1 (C-6), 56.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C35H38O7SNa, 625.2236; found, 625.2223

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (10a)

Using general procedure B starting from 1 (0.303 g, 0.729 mmol) and 2,4,6-trimethoxythiophenol, the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (10% to 40% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 10a (0.35 g, 0.554 mmol, 76%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.41. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.40–7.13 (m, 15H), 6.11 (s, 2H), 5.04 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (dd, J = 11.0, 2.6 Hz, 2H), 4.54 (dd, J = 11.2, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 4.45 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H, H-1), 3.84–3.77 (m, 11H, H-2, H-6), 3.61 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H, H-3), 3.54 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.46 (ddd, J = 9.7, 3.2, 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-5), 3.28 (ddt, J = 9.5, 8.7, 2.5 Hz, 1H, H-2). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 163.2, 163.0, 139.0, 138.6, 138.4, 128.3, 128.2, 128.0, 127.9, 127.7, 127.6, 127.49, 127.45, 96.2, 91.5, 88.5 (C-1), 85.6 (C-3), 80.0 (C-5), 76.9 (C-4), 75.2, 75.1, 73.7, 73.2 (C-2), 73.1, 69.2 (C-6), 56.4, 55.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C36H40O8SNa, 655.2342; found, 655.2339.

Phenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (7b)

Using general procedure C starting from 7a (0.137 g, 0.253 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 7b (0.12 g, 0.205 mmol, 81%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 30/70 v/v): = 0.4. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.61–7.54 (m, 2H), 7.38–7.15 (m, 17H), 4.91 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.64–4.56 (m, 2H), 4.57 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H (H-1)), 4.54 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (ddd, J = 10.7, 5.8, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (ddd, J = 10.7, 6.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (dd, J = 10.9, 2.0 Hz, 1H (H-6)), 3.72 (dd, J = 10.9, 4.5 Hz, 1H (H-6)), 3.70–3.61 (m, 4H (H-3, H-4)), 3.50 (ddt, J = 6.6, 4.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H (H-5)), 3.40–3.33 (m, 1H (H-2)), 2.72 (s, 1H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 138.2, 137.9, 137.8, 133.2, 131.9, 128.9, 128.5, 128.4, 128.3, 127.9, 127.9, 127.8, 127.64, 127.59, 127.57, 87.5 (C-1), 86.6 (C-3), 80.6 (C-2), 79.1 (C-5), 77.9 (C-4), 77.3, 77.0, 76.8, 75.9, 75.0, 74.7, 73.4, 68.8 (C-6), 62.3. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C35H38O6SNa, 609.2287; found, 609.2275

4-Methoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (8b)

Using general procedure C starting from 8a (0.172 g, 0.301 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 8b (0.13 g, 0.211 mmol, 70%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.4. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.46 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.30–7.16 (m, 13H), 7.12 (dd, J = 7.5, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 6.67 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.83 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.57–4.42 (m, 4H), 4.36 (d, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (ddd, J = 10.7, 5.4, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (ddd, J = 10.7, 6.1, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.72–3.51 (m, 11H (H-3, H-4, H-6, H-6)), 3.38 (ddd, J = 9.5, 4.3, 1.9 Hz, 1H (H-5)), 3.22 (dd, J = 9.7, 8.6 Hz, 1H (H-2)), 2.72 (s, 1H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 159.8, 138.2, 137.90, 137.85, 135.2, 128.5, 128.4, 128.3, 127.86, 127.84, 127.6, 127.5, 122.7, 114.4, 87.8 (C-1), 86.6 (C-3), 80.5 (C-2), 79.0 (C-5), 78.0 (C-4), 75.8, 75.0, 74.7, 73.4, 73.3, 68.9 (C-6), 62.3, 55.3. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C36H40O7SNa, 639.2392; found, 639.2382

2,6-Dimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (9b)

Using general procedure C starting from 9a (0.184 g, 0.306 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 9b (0.16 g, 0.248 mmol, 81%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.30. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.37–7.21 (m, 14H), 7.17 (dd, J = 7.3, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 6.56 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 4.87 (s, 2H), 4.79 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H (H-1)), 4.49 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (ddd, J = 10.9, 5.7, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (ddd, J = 10.8, 6.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (m, 7H), 3.75–3.67 (m, 2H (H-6)), 3.66–3.59 (m, 2H (H-3, H-6)), 3.59–3.48 (m, 2H (H-4)), 3.43–3.32 (m, 2H (H-2, H-5)). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 161.0, 138.4, 138.2, 137.9, 130.4, 128.5, 128.4, 128.3, 127.93, 127.88, 127.82, 127.80, 127.5, 108.6, 104.3, 87.9 (C-1), 87.2 (C-3), 81.7 (C-2), 79.6 (C-5), 78.2 (C-4), 75.8, 75.0, 74.9, 73.6, 69.4 (C-6), 61.9, 56.3. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C37H42O8SNa, 669.2498; found, 669.2495.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (10b)

Using general procedure C starting from 10a (330 mg, 0.55 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (30% to 60% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 10b as a white solid (0.294 g, 0.434 mmol, 83%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.21. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.46–7.11 (m, 18H), 6.12 (s, 2H), 4.87 (s, 2H), 4.78 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 4.38 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.05 (ddd, J = 10.8, 5.6, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (ddd, J = 10.8, 6.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 7H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.74–3.67 (m, 2H, H-6a), 3.64–3.58 (m, 3H, H-3, H-6b), 3.49 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.39–3.31 (m, 2H, H-2, H-5). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.3, 162.1, 138.4, 138.3, 137.9, 128.5, 128.4, 128.3, 128.0, 127.9, 127.8, 127.80, 127.79, 127.5, 100.0, 91.2, 88.7 (C-1), 87.2 (C-3), 81.6 (C-2), 79.6 (C-5), 78.2 (C-4), 75.8, 75.0, 74.9, 73.6, 69.6 (C-6), 61.9, 56.2, 55.3. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C38H44O9SNa, 699.2604; found, 699.2583.

Phenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside (11a)

Using general procedure B starting from 4 (0.682g, 1.64 mmol) and thiophenol, silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% to Et2O in toluene) afforded 11a (0.57 g, 1.05 mmol, 64%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 30/70 v/v): R = 0.38. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.56–7.53 (m, 2H), 7.52–7.48 (m, 2H), 7.39–7.17 (m, 16H), 5.70 (d, J = 5.5 Hz), 4.89 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 2H), 4.75 (dd, J = 13.9, 11.7 Hz, 2H), 4.70–4.63 (m, 2H), 4.59–4.56 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.55–4.41 (m, 2H, H-1), 4.01 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, H-2), 3.98 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, H-4), 3.67–3.64 (m, 3H, H-6, H-5), 3.58 (dd, J = 9.4, 6.0 Hz, 1H, H-6), 3.47 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.8 Hz, H-3). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 138.7, 138.4, 138.0, 137.9, 137.9, 137.8, 134.0, 132.6, 132.2, 132.0, 128.9, 128.8, 128.63, 128.58, 128.55, 128.45, 128.42, 128.3, 128.2, 128.02, 128.01, 127.93, 127.87, 127.84, 127.81, 127.79, 127.77, 127.74, 127.69, 127.57, 127.5, 127.3, 127.0, 88.5 (C-1), 83.2 (C-3), 77.6 (C-5), 74.8, 74.4, 73.6, 73.5, 73.2 (C-4), 72.4, 72.4, 69.1 (C-2), 68.7 (C-6). HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C33H34O5SNa, 565.2024; found, 565.2014.

4-Methoxyphenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside (12a)

Using general procedure B starting from 4 (530 mg, 1.28 mmol) and 4-methoxythiophenol, silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% Et2O in toluene) afforded 12a (0.19 g, 0.331 mmol, 26%). TLC (Et2O/toluene, 20/80 v/v): R = 0.65. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.49 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38–7.18 (m, 15H), 6.75 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.87 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (dd, J = 11.9 Hz, 2H), 4.55 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (q, J = 11.7 Hz, 2H), 4.40 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, H-1), 3.95 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, H-4), 3.91 (td, J = 9.4, 1.5 Hz, H-2), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.69–3.58 (m, H-6a, H-6b, H-5), 3.45 (dd, J = 9.3, 2.7 Hz, H-3), 2.45 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 159.8, 138.7, 138.1, 137.9, 135.3, 128.54, 128.45, 128.1, 127.92, 127.85, 127.83, 127.7, 127.6, 127.4, 122.2, 114.4, 88.9 (C-1), 83.2 (C-3), 77.6 (C-5), 74.3, 73.6, 73.3 (C-4), 72.4, 69.0 (C-2), 68.7 (C-6). HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C34H36O6SNa, 595.2130; found, 595.2110.

2,6-Dimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside (13a)

Using general procedure B starting from 4 (0.838g, 2.01 mmol and 2,6-dimethoxythiophenol, silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% Et2O in toluene) afforded 13a (0.667 g, 1.11 mmol, 55%). TLC (Et2O/toluene, 20/80 v/v): R = 0.52. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.40–7.19 (m, 15H), 7.16–7.11 (m, 2H), 6.59 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (dd, J = 11.7 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, H-1), 3.90–3.69 (m, 3H, H-2, H-4), 3.65–3.50 (m, H-5, H-6a, H-6b), 3.45 (dd, J = 9.4, 2.8 Hz, H-3). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.0, 139.1, 138.7, 138.0, 131.3, 128.4, 128.3, 128.0, 127.9, 127.7, 127.53, 127.47, 127.3, 127.1, 104.7, 89.8 (C-1), 82.7 (C-3), 77.6 (C-5), 74.14 (C-4), 74.12, 73.5, 72.7, 70.5 (C-2), 68.5 (C-6), 56.5. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C35H38O7SNa, 625.2235; found, 625.2228.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside (14a)

Using general procedure B starting from 4 (0.681g, 1.64 mmol and 2,4,6-trimethoxythiophenol, silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% Et2O in toluene) afforded 14a (0.61 g, 0.965 mmol, 59%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 50/50 v/v): R = 0.44. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.40–7.10 (m, 15H), 6.16 (s, 2H), 4.89 (d, J = 11.8 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (dt, J = 11.5 Hz, 3H), 4.17 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, H-1), 3.87 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, H-4), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.81 (s, 6H), 3.76–3.51 (m, H-2), 3.46 (dd, J = 9.5, 2.8 Hz, H-3, H-5, H-6a, H-6b). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 163.0, 162.8, 162.3, 139.2, 138.7, 138.0, 128.39, 128.35, 128.0, 127.9, 127.7, 127.6, 127.5, 127.2, 127.0, 97.7, 91.6, 90.6, 89.9 (C-1), 82.7 (C-3), 77.5 (C-5), 74.2 (C-4), 74.1, 73.5, 72.8, 70.2 (C-2), 68.5 (C-6), 56.4, 56.0, 55.43, 55.41. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C36H40O8SNa, 655.2341; found, 655.2327.

Phenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside (11b)

Using general procedure C starting from 11a (0.541g, 0.998 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% Et2O in toluene) afforded 11b (0.117 g, 0.200 mmol, 20%). TLC (Et2O/toluene, 50/50 v/v): R = 0.61. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.55–7.51 (m, 5H), 7.36–7.13 (m, 15H), 4.89 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, H-1), 4.45 (q, J = 11.7 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, H-4), 3.86–3.80 (m, 2H, H-2), 3.68–3.58 (m, 2H, H-5, H-6a, H-6b), 3.55 (dd, J = 9.3, 2.7 Hz, H-3). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 131.4, 129.1, 128.9, 128.6, 128.5, 128.2, 128.1, 128.0, 127.86, 127.84, 127.79, 127.6, 127.2, 125.3, 88.0 (C-1), 84.0 (C-3), 77.3 (C-5), 77.2 (C-2), 75.0, 74.5, 73.6, 72.9 (C-4), 72.2, 68.6 (C-6), 62.3, 60.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C35H38O6SNa, 609.2286; found, 609.2274.

4-Methoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside (12b)

Using general procedure C from 12a (0.197 g, 0.344 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 40% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 12b (0.142 g, 0.230 mmol 67%). TLC (Et2O/toluene, 50/50 v/v): R = 0.61. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.53–7.47 (m, 2H), 7.36–7.23 (m, 15H), 6.73 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.87 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.49–4.40 (m, 2H, H-1), 3.98 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, H-4), 3.86 (t, J = 4.4 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H, H-2), 3.65 (dd, J = 10.4, 5.6 Hz, 2H, H-6a, H-6b), 3.59–3.51 (m, H-3, H-5), 3.07 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 159.6, 138.6, 137.8, 137.4, 134.6, 128.6, 128.4, 128.2, 128.0, 127.9, 127.84, 127.80, 127.73, 127.5, 123.4, 114.4, 88.6 (C-1), 84.0 (C-3), 77.22 (C-5), 77.17 (C-2), 75.0, 74.4, 73.6, 72.8 (C-4), 72.1, 68.6 (C-6), 62.3, 55.3. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C36H40O7SNa, 639.2392; found, 639.2376.

2,6-Dimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside (13b)

Using general procedure C from 13a (0.657 g, 1.09 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 50% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 13b (0.465 g, 0.720 mmol, 66%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 30/70 v/v): R = 0.35. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.35 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 2H), 7.33–7.18 (m, 15H), 6.54 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.88 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, H-1), 4.37 (dd, J = 11.6 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (ddd, J = 11.1, 5.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (ddd, J = 11.2, 6.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, H-4), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.79–3.73 (m, 1H, H-2), 3.71–3.64 (m, 1H), 3.62–3.53 (m, H-6a, H-6b), 3.49 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.8 Hz, H-3), 3.44 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, H-5), 1.67 (s, 1H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 161.0, 138.7, 137.98, 137.96, 130.2, 128.5, 128.4, 128.2, 128.0, 127.8, 127.7, 127.6, 127.5, 109.3, 104.3, 88.9 (C-1), 84.7 (C-3), 78.3 (C-2), 77.5 (C-5), 75.1, 74.4, 73.5, 73.4 (C-4), 72.3, 69.1 (C-6), 61.8, 56.2. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C37H42O8SNa, 669.2498; found, 669.2484.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside (14b)

Using general procedure C starting from 14a (0.371 g, 0.586 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 20% EtOAc in toluene) afforded 14b (0.162 g, 0.240 mmol, 41%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 30/70 v/v): R = 0.30. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.39–7.17 (m, 15H), 6.11 (s, 2H), 4.88 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (dd, J = 28.1, 11.6 Hz, 2H), 4.55 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (q, J = 11.6 Hz, 2H), 4.30 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, H-1), 4.06 (ddd, J = 11.3, 5.3, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.99–3.87 (m, 1H, H-4), 3.80 (m, 10H), 3.72 (t, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.63–3.51 (m, H-6a, H-6b), 3.48 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.8 Hz, H-3), 3.42 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, H-5). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.20, 162.15, 138.7, 138.03, 138.02, 128.5, 128.4, 128.2, 127.97, 127.95, 127.8, 127.7, 127.6, 127.5, 100.8, 91.2, 89.8 (C-1), 84.7 (C-3), 78.1 (C-2), 77.4 (C-5), 75.1, 74.4, 73.6, 73.4 (C-4), 72.3, 69.2 (C-6), 61.8, 56.2, 55.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C38H44O9SNa, 699.2603; found, 699.2593.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (15a)

Using general procedure B starting from 2 (1.0 g, 1.9 mmol), the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) to afford 15a as a white solid (0.84 g, 1.2 mmol, 61%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.52. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.28–7.19 (m, 8H), 7.12 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.11 (s, 2H), 4.99 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.75–4.62 (m, 2H), 4.50 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H, H-1), 3.85 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 9H), 3.77–3.73 (m, 2H, H-6a, H-6b), 3.56 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H, H-3), 3.47 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.42 (dt, J = 9.7, 2.5 Hz, 1H, H-5), 3.26 (td, J = 9.1, 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-2). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 163.1, 163.0, 137.3, 136.9, 136.7, 133.34, 133.26, 133.24, 129.2, 129.0, 128.9, 128.42, 128.39, 91.5, 88.4 (C-1), 85.4 (C-3), 79.9 (C-5), 76.7 (C-4), 74.2, 74.1, 73.2 (C-2), 72.9, 69.0 (C-6), 56.3, 55.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C36H37Cl3O8SNa, 757.1172; found, 757.1148.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (16a)

Using general procedure B starting from 3 (2.01 g, 3.22 mmol), the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) to afford 16a as a white solid (1.35 g, 1.61 mmol, 50%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.52. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.41 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.25–7.23 (m, 2H), 7.18–7.13 (m, 3H), 7.09 (dd, J = 8.3, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.12 (s, 2H), 5.08 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (m, 2H), 4.58 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H, H-1), 3.85 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (m, 11H, H-6a, H-6b), 3.62 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H, H-3), 3.55 (dd, J = 9.7, 8.7 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.46 (dt, J = 9.7, 2.6 Hz, 1H, H-5), 3.27 (ddd, J = 9.5, 8.7, 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-2). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 163.2, 163.1, 135.2, 134.74, 134.73, 133.67, 133.63, 133.57, 133.4, 133.2, 133.0, 130.1, 130.0, 129.6, 128.93, 128.85, 127.0, 126.9, 96.1, 91.5, 88.4 (C-1), 85.7 (C-3), 79.4 (C-5) 76.7 (C-4), 73.2 (C-2), 71.2, 71.1, 70.0, 69.6 (C-6), 56.4, 55.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C36H34Cl6O8SNa, 859.0003; found, 858.9974.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside (17a)

Using general procedure B starting from 5 (0.97 g, 1.87 mmol) and 2,4,6-trimethoxythiophenol, silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 20% to Et2O in toluene) afforded 17a (0.85 g, 1.12 mmol, 60%). TLC (Et2O/toluene, 20/80 v/v): R = 0.39. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.36–6.98 (m, 12H), 6.17 (s, 2H), 4.82 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.69–4.63 (m, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, H-1), 3.86–3.78 (m, 9H, H-4), 3.73–3.65 (m, H-2), 3.61–3.49 (m, H-5, H-6a, H-6b), 3.43 (dd, J = 9.4, 2.8 Hz, H-3). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 163.0, 162.9, 137.5, 137.2, 136.4, 133.6, 133.2, 132.7, 129.1, 128.8, 128.6, 128.5, 128.2, 128.1, 97.5, 91.5, 90.6, 89.8 (C-1), 82.6 (C-3), 77.2 (C-5), 74.4 (C-4), 73.2, 72.7, 72.1, 70.3 (C-2), 68.3 (C-6), 56.4, 56.0, 55.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C36H37Cl3O8SNa, 757.1172; found, 757.1148.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside (18a)

Using general procedure B starting from 6 (1.05 g, 1.70 mmol) and 2,4,6-trimethoxythiophenol, silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 20% Et2O in toluene) afforded 18a (0.71g, 0.851 mmol, 50%). TLC (Et2O/toluene, 20/80 v/v): R = 0.49. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.48–7.00 (m, 9H), 6.19 (s, 2H), 4.92 (d, J = 13.3 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (d, J = 13.4 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, H-1), 3.96 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, H-4), 3.89–3.75 (m, 9H), 3.71–3.56 (m, H-2, H-5, H-6a, H-6b), 3.53 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.5 Hz, H-3). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 163.2, 162.9, 135.5, 135.0, 134.1, 134.0, 133.8, 133.6, 133.1, 133.0, 132.0, 130.2, 129.8, 129.2, 129.0, 128.94, 128.85, 128.4, 128.2, 127.1, 126.8, 125.3, 97.1, 91.5, 89.5 (C-1), 82.9 (C-3), 76.8 (C-5), 74.8 (C-4), 70.6, 70.1 (C-2), 69.9, 69.7, 68.4 (C-6), 56.4, 55.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C36H34Cl6O8SNa, 859.0003; found, 859.0024.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (15b)

Using general procedure C starting from 15a (0.127 g,0.172 mmol), the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (20% to 60% EtOAc in n-heptane), affording 15b as a white solid (0.11 g, 0.141 mmol, 82%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.24. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.31–7.19 (m, 9H), 7.18–7.13 (m, 2H), 7.05 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.12 (s, 2H), 4.84 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.01 (ddd, J = 10.7, 5.5, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (ddd, J = 10.7, 6.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 6H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.74–3.68 (m, 1H), 3.67 (dd, J = 11.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-6a), 3.63–3.51 (m, 2H, H-3, H-6b), 3.45 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.37–3.28 (m, 2H, H-2, H-5). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.4, 162.1, 136.8, 136.6, 136.3, 133.56, 133.54, 133.3, 129.1, 128.9, 128.6, 128.5, 128.4, 99.7, 91.2, 88.5 (C-1), 87.0 (C-4), 81.7 (C-2), 79.4 (C-5), 78.1 (C-3), 74.8, 74.7, 74.0, 72.8, 69.4 (C-6), 61.8, 56.2, 55.3. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C38H41Cl3O9SNa, 801.1435; found, 801.1399.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-2-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (16b)

Using general procedure C starting from 16a (0.593 g, 0.710 mmol), the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (30% to 60% EtOAc in n-heptane) affording 16b as a white solid (0.45 g, 0.511 mmol, 72%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.35. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.39 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (dd, J = 8.3, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.18–7.13 (m, 2H), 7.10 (dd, J = 8.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.12 (s, 2H), 4.92 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.01–3.87 (m, 2H), 3.83 (s, 6H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.79–3.67 (m, 5H, H-6), 3.64 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H, H-3), 3.55 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.49 (s, 1H), 3.41–3.32 (m, 2H, H-2, H-5). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.4, 162.1, 134.7, 134.6, 134.3, 133.9, 133.7, 133.4, 133.1, 132.7, 130.1, 129.7, 129.3, 129.0, 128.94, 128.92, 127.1, 127.00, 126.98, 99.7, 91.2, 88.7 (C-1), 87.2 (C-3), 81.7 (C-2), 79.0 (C-5), 78.1 (C-4), 74.9, 71.7, 71.1, 70.0 (C-6), 61.9, 56.2, 55.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C38H38Cl6O9SNa, 903.0265; found, 903.0224.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(4-cyanobenzyl)-2-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (19b)

Compound 15b (0.15 g, 0.2 mmol), BuXPhos-Pd-G3 (0.01 mmol, 5 mol %), BuXPhos (0.01 mmol, 5 mol %), and K4[Fe(CN)6]·3H2O (0.3 mmol) were added to a solution of 1,4-dioxane (1.3 mL) and 0.05 M KOAc in degassed water (1.3 mL) The mixture was vigorously stirred at 100 °C for 4 h. The reaction was cooled to rt and diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc (2 × 25 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel flash column chromatography (0–80% EtOAc in n-heptane to obtain product 19b (0.16 g, 93%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 60/40 v/v): R = 0.16. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.61–7.22 (m, 12H), 6.13 (s, 2H), 4.96 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (q, J = 12.8 Hz, 2H), 4.45 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, H-1), 3.96 (dd, J = 5.2, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 9H), 3.69 (m, 1H, H-6a, H-6b), 3.61 (t, J = 8.9 Hz, H-3), 3.51 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, H-4), 3.41–3.33 (m, H-2, H-5). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.5, 162.1, 143.8, 143.4, 143.2, 132.3, 132.2, 132.1, 127.8, 127.5, 127.4, 118.7, 118.6, 118.5, 111.64, 111.61, 111.3, 99.4, 91.2, 88.3 (C-1), 87.2 (C-3), 81.9 (C-2), 79.3 (C-5), 78.3 (C-4), 74.9, 74.4, 73.7, 72.7, 69.7 (C-6), 61.9, 56.3, 55.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C41H41N3O9SNa, 774.2461; found, 774.2465.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside (17b)

Using general procedure C starting from 17a (0.55g, 0.748 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 50% Et2O in toluene) afforded 17b (0.51 g, 0.634 mmol, 85%). TLC (Et2O/toluene, 30/70 v/v): R = 0.21. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.35–7.09 (m, 12H), 6.11 (s, 2H), 4.78 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (m, 2H), 4.48 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.32–4.27 (m, 1H, H-1), 4.04 (ddd, J = 10.9, 5.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 3.96–3.89 (m, 1H), 3.81–3.72 (m, 10H, H-4), 3.68 (t, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 3.60–3.51 (m, H-6a, H-6b), 3.49–3.39 (m, H-3, H-5). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.3, 162.1, 137.0, 136.40, 136.39, 133.63, 133.58, 133.2, 129.2, 129.0, 128.8, 128.7, 128.5, 128.3, 100.5, 91.1, 89.8 (C-1), 84.6 (C-3), 78.2 (C-2), 77.2 (C-5), 75.1, 73.8 (C-4), 73.6, 72.7, 71.6, 69.0 (C-6), 61.8, 56.2, 55.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C38H41Cl3O9SNa, 801.1434; found, 801.1419.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-2-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside (18b)

Using general procedure C starting from 18a (0.500 mg, 0.599 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 20% Et2O in toluene) afforded 18b (0.39 g, 0.443 mmol, 74%). TLC (Et2O/toluene, 30/70 v/v): R = 0.37. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.48–7.10 (m, 9H), 6.13 (s, 2H), 4.91 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (m, 2H), 4.55 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, H-1), 4.05–3.99 (m, 1H, H-4), 3.93–3.87 (m, 1H), 3.86–3.75 (m, 10H), 3.76–3.64 (m, 1H, H-6a, H-2), 3.61 (dd, J = 9.3, 5.5 Hz, H-6b), 3.58–3.50 (m, H-3, H-5). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.4, 162.2, 135.0, 134.2, 134.1, 134.0, 133.9, 133.4, 133.2, 132.4, 130.4, 129.76, 129.75, 129.2, 129.1, 129.0, 128.6, 128.2, 127.3, 127.01, 127.00, 125.3, 100.3, 91.1, 90.0 (C-1), 84.9 (C-3), 78.2 (C-2), 76.7 (C-5), 75.2, 74.60 (C-4), 71.1, 70.0, 69.1, 68.9 (C-6), 61.8, 56.2, 55.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C38H38Cl6O9SNa, 903.0265; found, 903.0303.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(4-cyanobenzyl)- 2-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside (20b)

Compound 17b (0.178 mg, 0.222 mmol), BuXPhos-Pd-G3 (0.01 mmol, 5 mol %), BuXPhos (0.01 mmol, 5 mol %), and K4[Fe(CN)6]·3H2O (0.3 mmol) were added to a solution of dioxane (1.3 mL) and 0.05 M KOAc in degassed water (1.3 mL) The mixture was vigorously at 100 °C for 4 h. The reaction was cooled to rt and diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc (2 × 25 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel flash column chromatography (0–100% EtOAc in n-heptane to obtain the product 20b (0.16 g, 0.207 mmol, 93%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 60/40 v/v): R = 0.08. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.67–7.24 (m, 12H), 6.13 (s, 1H), 4.92 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 4.57 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, H-1), 4.03 (ddd, J = 10.7, 5.5, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 3.97–3.90 (m, 1H, H-4), 3.82 (m, 10H), 3.75–3.58 (m, 1H, H-2, H-6a, H-6b), 3.55–3.48 (m, H-3, H-5). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.4, 162.2, 143.8, 143.3, 143.2, 132.4, 132.2, 132.1, 127.8, 127.5, 127.4, 118.7, 118.60, 118.55, 111.7, 111.6, 111.3, 100.1, 91.2, 89.7 (C-1), 84.7 (C-3), 78.4 (C-2), 76.9 (C-5), 75.3, 74.8 (C-4), 73.7, 72.5, 71.6, 69.3 (C-6), 61.8, 56.2, 55.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C41H41N3O9SNa, 774.2461; found, 774.2448.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tribenzyl-2-O-(2-benzenethioethyl)-α/β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-tribenzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (22)

Using general procedure E and donor 7b (53 mg, 0.090 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 40% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 22 as an anomeric mixture (69 mg, 0.064 mmol, 71%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.5. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.98 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.85 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.55–7.44 (m, 2H), 7.44–7.17 (m, 24H), 7.17–7.05 (m, 3H), 6.14 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H (H-3′)), 5.53 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H (H-4′)), 5.25 (dd, J = 10.3, 3.7 Hz, 1H (H-2′)), 5.18 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H (H-1′)), 4.92 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 1H (H-1)), 4.87 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (ddd, J = 9.7, 6.6, 2.0 Hz, 1H (H-5′)), 3.93–3.83 (m, 3H (H-6′, H-3)), 3.83–3.75 (m, 2H, H-5), 3.72–3.59 (m, 3H (H-6′, H-4, H-6)), 3.52 (dd, J = 10.9, 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-6), 3.48–3.39 (m, 4H (H-2)), 3.17–3.00 (m, 2H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.82, 165.78, 165.2, 138.8, 138.5, 137.9, 133.3, 133.0, 129.91, 129.89, 129.86, 129.81, 129.6, 129.4, 129.2, 129.1, 128.9, 128.40, 128.38, 128.36, 128.31, 128.30, 128.23, 128.22, 127.88, 127.86, 127.61, 127.60, 127.5, 126.1, 97.0 (C-1), 96.7 (C-1′), 81.4 (C-3), 81.0 (C-2), 77.5 (C-4), 75.4, 74.8, 73.4, 72.2 (C-2′), 70.6 (C-3′), 70.3 (C-5), 69.9, 69.6 (C-4′), 68.5 (C-5′), 68.2 (C-6), 66.6 (C-6′), 55.6, 33.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C63H62O14SNa, 1097.3758; found, 1097.3798.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tribenzyl-2-O-(2-(4-methoxybenzenethio)ethyl)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-tribenzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (23)

Using general procedure E and donor 8b (68 mg, 0.111 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 40% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 23 as an anomeric mixture (76 mg, 0.069 mmol 62%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.5. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.98 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.92 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.85 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (dt, J = 16.8, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.44–7.20 (m, 22H), 7.14–7.05 (m, 2H), 6.78 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.13 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H (H-3′)), 5.53 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H (H-4′)), 5.25 (dd, J = 10.2, 3.7 Hz, 1H (H-2′)), 5.18 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H (H-1′)), 4.92 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 1H (H-1)), 4.86 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (ddd, J = 9.8, 6.8, 2.2 Hz, 1H (H-5′)), 3.92–3.81 (m, 3H (H-6′, H-3, H-5)), 3.81–3.66 (m, 6H (H-6′)), 3.66–3.56 (m, 2H (H-4, H-6)), 3.52 (dd, J = 10.7, 2.0 Hz, 1H (H-6)), 3.46–3.37 (m, 4H (H-2)), 3.07–2.88 (m, 2H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.82, 165.78, 165.3, 159.0, 138.8, 138.5, 137.9, 133.5, 133.3, 133.0, 129.91, 129.89, 129.7, 129.2, 129.1, 128.9, 128.38, 128.36, 128.32, 128.29, 128.24, 128.22, 127.91, 127.87, 127.62, 127.60, 127.5, 125.8, 114.6, 97.1 (C-1), 96.7 (C-1′), 81.4 (C-3), 80.9 (C-2), 77.5 (C-4), 75.4, 74.8, 73.4, 72.2 (C-2′), 70.6 (C-3′), 70.3 (C-5), 70.1, 69.6 (C-4′), 68.5 (C-5′), 68.2 (C-6), 66.6 (C-6′), 55.6, 55.3, 35.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C64H64O15SNa, 1127, 3864; found, 1127, 3879.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tribenzyl-2-O-(2-(2,6-dimethoxybenzenethio)ethyl)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-tribenzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (24)

Using general procedure E and donor 9b (35 mg, 0.054 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 40% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 24 (51 mg, 0.045 mmol, 83%) as an α/β mixture. TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.4. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.00–7.95 (m, 2H), 7.95–7.89 (m, 2H), 7.85 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.55–7.44 (m, 2H), 7.39 (dt, J = 18.0, 7.7 Hz, 3H), 7.35–7.17 (m, 20H), 7.11 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 6.50 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.12 (t, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H (H-3′)), 5.49–5.41 (m, 1H (H-4′)), 5.23 (dd, J = 10.2, 3.7 Hz, 1H (H-2′)), 5.16 (d, J = 3.8 Hz, 1H (H-1′)), 4.92 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 1H (H-1)), 4.84 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (ddd, J = 9.9, 7.3, 2.1 Hz, 1H (H-5′)), 3.93–3.76 (m, 9H (H-6′, H-3, H-5)), 3.72–3.63 (m, 4H (H-6′, H-6)), 3.60 (dd, J = 10.1, 8.9 Hz, 1H (H-4)), 3.53 (dd, J = 10.7, 2.0 Hz, 1H (H-6)), 3.50–3.36 (m, 4H (H-2)), 3.01 (dt, J = 12.9, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.97–2.87 (m, 1H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.8, 165.7, 165.3, 161.1, 138.8, 138.6, 138.0, 133.3, 133.0, 129.9, 129.8, 129.6, 129.2, 129.1, 128.9, 128.37, 128.35, 128.30, 128.25, 128.22, 128.19, 128.0, 127.9, 127.6, 127.5, 127.41, 127.40, 109.4, 104.0, 97.1 (C-1), 96.6 (C-1′), 81.5 (C-3), 81.0 (C-2), 77.4 (C-4), 75.3, 74.7, 73.4, 72.2 (C-2′), 71.0, 70.6 (C-3′), 70.3 (C-5), 69.7 (C-4′), 68.4 (C-5′), 68.3 (C-6), 66.8 (C-6′), 56.1, 55.6, 33.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C65H66O16SNa, 1157.3969; found, 1157.3954.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenylthio)ethyl)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (25)

Using general procedure E starting from glucosyl donor 10b (48 mg; 0.071 mmol), the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (10% to 40% EtOAc in n-heptane), affording 25 as an anomeric mixture (63 mg, 76%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.35. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.97 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.92 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.85 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.53–7.44 (m, 2H), 7.43–7.34 (m, 3H), 7.34–7.22 (m, 17H), 7.11 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 6.11 (m, 3H (H-3′)), 5.45 (dd, J = 10.3, 9.5 Hz, 1H (H-4′)), 5.23 (dd, J = 10.2, 3.7 Hz, 1H (H-2′)), 5.16 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H (H-1′)), 4.93 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 1H (H-1)), 4.84 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (ddd, J = 10.0, 7.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H (H-5′)), 3.92–3.86 (m, 2H (H-6′, H-5)), 3.79, m, 10H (H-3)), 3.72–3.58 (m, 5H (H-6′, H-4, H-6)), 3.53 (dd, J = 10.7, 2.0 Hz, 1H (H-6)), 3.44–3.36 (m, 4H (H-2)), 2.91 (ddd, J = 12.9, 8.3, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 2.82 (ddd, J = 12.9, 8.4, 7.0 Hz, 1H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.8, 165.7, 165.3, 162.0, 161.8, 138.8, 138.6, 138.0, 133.3, 133.0, 129.9, 129.6, 129.2, 129.1, 128.9, 128.36, 128.33, 128.29, 128.23, 128.21, 128.17, 128.0, 127.9, 127.6, 127.5, 127.40, 127.38, 100.8, 97.1 (C-1), 96.6 (C-1′), 90.93 81.5 (C-3), 81.0 (C-2), 77.4 (C-4), 75.3, 74.7, 73.4, 72.2 (C-2′), 71.0, 70.6 (C-3′), 70.3 (C-5), 69.7 (C-4′), 68.4 (C-5′), 68.3 (C-6), 66.8 (C-6′), 56.0, 55.6, 55.3, 33.9. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C66H68O17SNa, 1187.4075; found, 1187.4118.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-(benzenethio)ethyl)-α/β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-tribenzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (26)

Using general procedure E starting from galactosyl donor 11b (65 mg, 0.112 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 20% Et2O in toluene) afforded 26 as an anomeric mixture (61 mg, 0.062 mmol, 55%). TLC (Et2O/toluene, 30/70 v/v): R = 0.50. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.13–7.79 (m, 6H), 7.54–7.06 (m, 29H), 6.12 (t, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 5.52 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.28–5.22 (m, 1H), 5.13 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, H-1′), 4.94–4.86 (m, H, H-1), 4.76 (dd, J = 11.9, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (t, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (dt, J = 12.0 Hz, 3H), 3.99 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (m, 6H), 3.65 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 3.52–3.39 (m, 2H), 3.36 (m, 3H), 3.11 (m, 2H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.8, 165.3, 138.73, 138.66, 138.1, 133.3, 133.0, 129.9, 129.8, 129.7, 129.29, 129.27, 129.1, 129.0, 128.9, 128.39, 128.36, 128.33, 128.29, 128.25, 128.21, 127.7, 127.6, 127.54, 127.50, 127.45, 97.7 (C-1), 96.8 (C-1′), 78.2, 77.4, 75.0, 74.8, 73.2, 72.8, 72.1, 70.7, 70.1, 69.6, 69.3, 68.6, 68.4, 66.7, 55.5. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C63H62O15SNa, 1113.3707; found, 1113.3652.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-(4-methoxybenzenethio)ethyl)-α/β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-tribenzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (27)

Using general procedure E and galactosyl donor 12b (50 mg, 0.081 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 25% Et2O in toluene) afforded 27 as an anomeric mixture (32 mg, 0.029 mmol 36%). TLC (Et2O/toluene, 50/50 v/v): R = 0.64. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.03–7.81 (m, 6H), 7.55–7.10 (m, 26H), 6.76 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.13 (m, 1H), 5.53 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.24 (td, J = 10.2, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 5.13 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, H-1′), 4.95–4.85 (m, 1H, H-1), 4.76 (m, 1H), 4.67 (m, 1H), 4.54 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 4.43–4.24 (m, 3H), 3.99 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.93–3.84 (m, 4H), 3.84–3.71 (m, 6H), 3.67 (d, J = 10.3 Hz, 2H), 3.45 (m, 2H), 3.38 (m, 3H), 3.00 (m, 2H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.8, 165.4, 159.0, 138.8, 138.7, 138.1, 133.4, 133.3, 133.0, 132.7, 129.9, 129.8, 129.7, 129.30 129.1, 129.0, 128.40, 128.36, 128.32, 128.26, 128.21, 128.20, 127.7, 127.6, 127.54, 127.49, 127.4, 114.6, 97.8 (C-1), 96.8 (C-1′), 78.2, 77.3, 75.1, 74.8, 73.2, 72.8, 72.1, 70.7, 70.2, 69.6, 69.3, 68.7, 68.4, 66.7, 55.5, 55.3, 35.3. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C64H64O15SNa, 1127.3863; found, 1127.3816.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-(2,6-dimethoxybenzenethio)ethyl)-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-tribenzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (28)

Using general procedure E and galactosyl donor 13b (60 mg, 0.092 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 25% Et2O in toluene) afforded 28 as an anomeric mixture (39 mg, 0.034 mmol 37%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 50/50 v/v): R = 0.68. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.01–7.81 (m, 6H), 7.53–7.12 (m, 25H), 6.47 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.11 (t, J = 9.8 Hz, H-3′), 5.45 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, H-4′), 5.23 (dd, J = 10.2, 3.6 Hz, H-2′), 5.11 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, H-1′), 4.92 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, H-1), 4.87 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 4.42–4.32 (dd, 2H), 4.30 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, H-5′), 4.01 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, H-5), 3.92–3.83 (m, H-2, H-4, H-6a′), 3.83–3.62 (m, 8H, H-3, H-6b′), 3.45 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, H-6a, H-6b), 3.33 (s, 3H), 3.06–2.87 (m, 2H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.8, 165.4, 161.1, 138.9, 138.7, 138.1, 133.3, 133.0, 129.93, 129.86, 129.6, 129.3, 129.2, 128.9, 128.40, 128.37, 128.27, 128.25, 128.20, 128.18, 127.7, 127.6, 127.5, 127.43, 127.35, 104.0, 97.7 (C-1), 96.7 (C-1′), 78.2 (C-3), 77.5 (C-2), 75.2 (C-4), 74.8, 73.2, 72.8, 72.1 (C-2′), 71.2, 70.7 (C-3′), 69.7 (C-4′), 69.2 (C-5), 68.6 (C-6), 68.3 (C-5′), 66.7 (C-6′), 56.1, 55.4, 33.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C65H66O16SNa, 1157.3969; found, 1157.3926.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-(2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenethio)ethyl)-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-tribenzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (29)

Using general procedure E and galactosyl donor 14b (44 mg, 0.065 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 29(45 mg, 0.039 mmol, 59%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 50/50 v/v): R = 0.64. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.02–7.80 (m, 6H), 7.54–7.21 (m, 24H), 6.14–6.01 (m, 2H, H-3′), 5.48–5.41 (m, H-4′), 5.23 (dd, J = 10.2, 3.7 Hz, H-2′), 5.12 (t, J = 3.8 Hz, H-1′), 4.94 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, H-1), 4.88 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.43–4.27 (m, 2H, H-5′), 4.01 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, H-5), 3.91–3.77 (m, 3H, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-6′), 3.77–3.63 (m, 8H, H2–6′), 3.45 (dd, J = 6.5, 3.4 Hz, H2–6), 3.32 (s, 3H), 3.02–2.71 (m, 2H). 13C{1H} NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.79, 165.76, 165.4, 162.1, 161.8, 138.9, 138.8, 138.1, 133.3, 133.0, 130.0, 129.9, 129.7, 129.3, 129.2, 128.9, 128.41, 128.38, 128.28, 128.26, 128.24, 128.20, 127.7, 127.6, 127.51, 127.45, 127.36, 97.8 (C-1), 96.7 (C-1′), 90.9, 78.2 (C-3), 77.6 (C-2), 75.2 (C-4), 74.8, 73.2, 72.8, 72.1 (C-2′), 71.2, 70.7 (C-3′), 69.7 (C-4′), 69.2 (C-5), 68.7 (C-6), 68.3 (C-5′), 66.7 (C-6′), 56.0, 55.41, 55.35. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C66H68O17SNa, 1187.4074; found, 1187.4038.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-O-(2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenylthio)ethyl)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (30)

Using general procedure E starting from glucosyl donor 15b (67 mg, 0.086 mmol), the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (20% to 60% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 30 as an anomeric mixture (α/β = 7.5/1, 82 mg, 75%). TLC (Et2O/toluene 20/80 v/v): R = 0.61. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.00–7.95 (m, 2H), 7.93–7.90 (m, 2H), 7.87–7.83 (m, 2H), 7.55–7.14 (m, 22H), 6.99 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.16–6.07 (m, 3H, H-3′), 5.47 (dd, J = 10.3, 9.5 Hz, 1H, H-4′), 5.23 (dd, J = 10.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H, H-2′), 5.17 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H, H-1′), 4.93 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.82 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.34–4.29 (m, 1H, H-5′), 4.32 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 3.91–3.74 (m, 12H, H-3, H-5, H-6a′), 3.72–3.55 (m, 4H, H-6a, H-6b′), 3.53 (dd, J = 10.1, 8.9 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.48 (dd, J = 10.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H, H-6b), 3.42 (s, 3H), 3.38 (dd, J = 9.7, 3.5 Hz, 1H, H-2), 2.90 (ddd, J = 12.9, 9.0, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 2.81 (ddd, J = 13.0, 9.1, 5.9 Hz, 1H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.8, 165.7, 165.3, 162.1, 161.8, 137.3, 136.9, 136.3, 133.5, 133.4, 133.20, 133.16, 133.0, 129.90, 129.87, 129.6, 129.21, 129.17, 129.14, 129.0, 128.8, 128.51, 128.48, 128.39, 128.38, 128.37, 128.36, 128.2, 100.8, 96.9 (C-1), 96.7 (C-1′), 91.0, 81.3 (C-3), 81.0 (C-2), 77.3 (C-4), 74.4, 73.7, 72.6, 72.2 (C-2′), 70.8, 70.5 (C-3′), 70.1 (C-5), 69.6 (C-4′), 68.4 (C-5′), 68.3 (C-6), 66.7 (C-6′), 56.1, 55.5, 55.4, 34.0. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C66H65Cl3O17SNa, 1289.2906; found, 1289.2888.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(4-cyanobenzyl)-2-O-(2-(2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenethio)ethyl)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-tribenzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (31)

Using general procedure E starting from glucosyl donor 19b (56 mg, 0.078 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 60% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded product 31 (64 mg, 0.05 mmol, 65%). TLC (Et2O/toluene, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.36. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.01–7.18 (m, 27H), 6.12 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 2H, H-3′), 5.51 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, H-4′), 5.23 (dd, J = 10.2, 3.7 Hz, H-2′), 5.19 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, H-1′), 5.00 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, H-1), 4.82 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (d, J = 13.6 Hz, 2H), 4.44 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.35–4.29 (m, H-5′), 3.95–3.84 (m, H-3, H-5, H-6a′), 3.80 (d, J = 20.3 Hz, 9H), 3.75–3.52 (m, 2H, H-4, H-6b′, H-6a, H-6b)), 3.44 (s, H-2), 2.92–2.78 (m, 2H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.9, 165.8, 165.3, 162.0, 161.9, 144.2, 143.8, 143.4, 133.5, 133.1, 132.2, 132.14, 132.05, 129.9, 129.8, 129.6, 129.2, 129.0, 128.9, 128.45, 128.41, 128.3, 127.8, 127.6, 127.2, 118.8, 118.7, 118.6, 111.5, 111.4, 111.2, 100.9, 96.82 (C-1′), 96.81 (C-1), 91.0, 81.6 (C-3), 81.0 (C-2), 77.7 (C-4), 74.1, 73.5, 72.4, 72.1 (C-2′), 70.6, 70.5 (C-3′), 69.9 (C-5), 69.5 (C-4′), 69.0 (C-6), 68.5 (C-5′), 66.7 (C-6′), 60.4, 56.1, 55.6, 55.4, 34.2. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C69H65N3O17SNa, 1262.3932; found, 1262.3966.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-2-O-(2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenylthio)ethyl)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (32)

Using general procedure E starting from glucosyl donor 25b (51 mg, 0.058 mmol), the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 32 as an anomeric mixture (α/β = 9/1, 69 mg, 81%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.40. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.00–7.95 (m, 2H), 7.94–7.89 (m, 2H), 7.88–7.83 (m, 2H), 7.54–7.45 (m, 2H), 7.45–7.27 (m, 12H), 7.25–7.08 (m, 6H), 6.14 (t, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H, H-3′), 6.09 (s, 2H), 5.48 (dd, J = 10.3, 9.5 Hz, 1H, H-4′), 5.24 (dd, J = 10.2, 3.7 Hz, 1H, H-2′), 5.19 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H, H-1′), 4.96 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.90 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (d, J = 13.3 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (ddd, J = 9.8, 7.2, 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-5′), 3.94–3.82 (m, 3H, H-5, H-3, H-6a′), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 6H), 3.71 (dd, J = 10.9, 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-6b′), 3.69–3.52 (m, 5H, H-4, H-6), 3.46 (s, 3H), 3.42 (dd, J = 9.7, 3.4 Hz, 1H, H-2), 2.84 (dddd, J = 40.2, 12.9, 9.2, 5.8 Hz, 2H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.9, 165.8, 165.3, 162.0, 161.9, 135.1, 134.9, 134.3, 133.8, 133.47, 133.46, 133.41, 133.38, 133.35, 133.2, 133.1, 132.6, 130.0, 129.93, 129.89, 129.86, 129.7, 129.2, 129.1, 129.04, 129.03, 128.83, 128.81, 128.80, 128.42, 128.40, 128.3, 127.0, 126.87, 126.86, 100.7, 96.9 (C-1), 96.8 (C-1′), 91.0, 81.6 (C-3), 81.0 (C-2), 77.5 (C-4), 72.2 (C-2′), 71.4, 71.0, 70.9, 70.6 (C-3′), 70.0 (C-5), 69.8, 69.6 (C-4′), 68.9 (C-6), 68.5 (C-5′), 66.8 (C-6′), 56.1, 55.6, 55.4, 33.9. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C66H62Cl6O17SNa, 1391.1737; found, 1391.1701.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-O-(2-(2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenethio)ethyl)-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-tribenzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (33)

Using general procedure E starting from galactosyl donor 17b (50 mg, 0.064 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 40% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 33 (27 mg, 0.021 mmol, 33%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 60/40 v/v): R = 0.75. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.08–7.82 (m, 6H), 7.55–7.05 (m, 21H), 6.10 (m, 2H, H-3′), 5.49 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, H-4′), 5.23 (dd, J = 10.2, 3.7 Hz, H-2′), 5.15 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, H-1′), 4.95 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, H-1), 4.79 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.33–4.24 (m, 1H, H-5′), 3.99 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, H-5), 3.89–3.73 (m, 9H, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-6a′), 3.72–3.63 (m, 2H, H-6b′), 3.46–3.37 (m, H-6a, H-6b), 2.94–2.78 (m, 2H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.82, 165.75, 165.4, 162.1, 161.8, 137.3, 137.1, 136.5, 133.44, 133.35, 133.32, 133.12, 133.05, 129.9, 129.8, 129.6, 129.32, 129.25, 129.1, 129.03, 128.92, 128.88, 128.7, 128.6, 128.43, 128.38, 128.36, 128.3, 128.2, 125.3, 97.7 (C-1), 96.8 (C-1′), 90.9, 78.1 (C-3), 77.6 (C-2), 75.5 (C-4), 74.0, 72.5, 72.2, 72.1 (C-2′), 71.0, 70.6 (C-3′), 69.6 (C-4′), 69.0 (C-5), 68.6 (C-6), 68.3 (C-5′), 66.7 (C-6′), 56.1, 55.41, 55.36, 34.1. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C66H65Cl3O17SNa, 1289.2905; found, 1289.2852.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(4-cyanobenzyl)-2-O-(2-(2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenethio)ethyl)-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-tribenzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (34)

Using general procedure E starting from galactosyl donor 20b (60 mg, 0.08 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 40% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 34 as an anomeric mixture (86 mg, 0.069 mmol, 87%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 60/40 v/v): R = 0.51. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.02–7.78 (m, 6H), 7.66–7.24 (m, 21H), 6.11 (m, 2H, H-3′), 5.54 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, H-4′), 5.24 (dd, J = 10.2, 3.6 Hz, H-2′), 5.17 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, H-1′), 5.02 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, H-1), 4.95 (m, 2H), 4.72 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (ddd, J = 10.1, 6.1, 2.0 Hz, H-5′), 4.07 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, H-5), 3.96–3.86 (m, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-6a′), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.77 (s, 6H), 3.75–3.60 (m, 2H, H-6b′), 3.56–3.45 (m, H-6a, H-6b). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.9, 165.8, 165.4, 162.0, 161.9, 144.3, 143.9, 143.4, 133.43, 133.42, 133.1, 132.3, 132.14, 132.10, 129.9, 129.8, 129.6, 129.2, 129.0, 128.9, 128.5, 128.4, 128.3, 127.8, 127.5, 127.4, 118.8, 118.7, 111.5, 111.4, 111.2, 100.9, 97.6 (C-1), 96.9 (C-1′), 91.0, 78.5 (C-3), 77.7 (C-2), 76.7 (C-4), 74.0, 72.5, 72.2, 72.0 (C-2′), 70.58, 70.55 (C-3′), 69.5 (C-4′), 69.1 (C-6), 68.9 (C-5), 68.3 (C-5′), 66.7 (C-6′), 56.1, 55.5, 55.4, 34.3. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C69H65N3O17SNa, 1262.3932; found, 1262.3873.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-2-O-(2-(2,4,6-trimethoxythiophenyl)ethyl)-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-tribenzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (35)

Using general procedure E starting from galactosyl donor 18b (50 mg, 0.057 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 40% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 35 as an anomeric mixture (53 mg, 0.039 mmol, 68%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 50/50 v/v): R = 0.5. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.94–7.72 (m, 6H), 7.48–6.93 (m, 18H), 6.11–5.99 (m, 2H, H-3′), 5.33 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, H-4′), 5.16 (dd, J = 10.2, 3.7 Hz, H-2′), 5.12 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, H-1′), 4.98 (d, J = 10.6 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (s, H-1), 4.72–4.49 (m, 4H), 4.31–4.20 (m, H-5′), 4.04 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, H-5), 3.94 (s, H-4), 3.83–3.60 (m, 10H, H-2, H-3, H-6a′, H-6b′, H-6a), 3.54 (td, J = 10.1, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (dd, J = 9.3, 5.4 Hz, H-6b), 2.91–2.64 (m, 2H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.74, 165.71, 165.4, 162.1, 161.8, 137.2, 136.9, 136.8, 134.2, 134.1, 133.5, 133.30, 133.28, 133.0, 129.92, 129.88, 129.86, 129.7, 129.6, 129.5, 129.3, 129.2, 128.9, 128.4, 128.3, 128.24, 128.23, 128.1, 100.9, 97.9 (C-1), 96.7 (C-1′), 90.9, 79.6 (C-3), 77.5 (C-2), 75.9 (C-4), 72.1 (C-2′), 71.6, 70.7 (C-3′), 69.9 (C-4′), 69.6 (C-5), 68.8, 68.7(C-6), 68.5 (C-5′), 68.3, 67.4, 67.2 (C-6′), 56.4, 55.5, 55.4, 33.z9. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C66H62Cl6O17SNa, 1391.1736; found, 1391.1805.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(o,p-dichlorobenzyl)-2-O-(2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenylthio)ethyl)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (38)

Using general procedure E starting from glucosyl donor 16b (50 mg; 0.057 mmol) using acceptor 36, the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (15% to 35% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 38 (39.6 mg; 0.025 mmol; 53%) as a mixture of isomers. TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 50/50 v/v): R = 0.6. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.41–7.00 (m, 57H, CH Ar), 6.09 (s, 1H) 6.01 (s, 2H), 5.70 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H, H-1, 5.34 (dt, J = 5.9, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (d, J = 13.4 Hz, 1H), 4.79–4.73 (m, 1H), 4.73–4.61 (m, 5H), 4.61–4.41 (m, 9H, H-1′), 4.38–4.23 (m, 3H), 4.08–3.99 (m, 2H), 3.93 (t, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.90–3.72 (m, 12H), 3.69 (s, 6H), 3.67–3.47 (m, 5H), 3.47–3.41 (m, 2H), 3.41–3.31 (m, 7H), 3.27 (t, J = 9.0 Hz, 0H), 3.18 (dd, J = 9.6, 3.8 Hz, 0H), 3.13–3.06 (m, 0H), 2.86–2.69 (m, 2H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 161.9, 139.34–131.95 (m), 131.36–125.97 (m), 102.4, 97.8 (C-1′), 96.2 (C-1), 91.0, 90.9, 82.0, 81.9, 80.83, 80.29, 77.5, 74.5, 73.4, 73.2, 71.6, 71.5, 71.4, 71.1, 70.5, 69.8, 69.4, 69.0, 68.7, 56.71–54.63 (m), 33.7, 31.9, 30.2, 22.7, 14.1. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C66H68O14SCl6Na, 1349.2359; found, 1349.2361.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(o,p-dichlorobenzyl)-2-O-(2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenylthio)ethyl)-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (39)

Using general procedure E starting from galactosyl donor 18b (25 mg; 0.028 mmol) using acceptor 36, the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) yielding 39 (18 mg; 0.014 mmol; 48%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 50/50 v/v): R = 0.6. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.39–7.04 (m, 24H), 6.01 (s, 2H), 5.75 (d, J = 3.8 Hz, 1H (H-1)), 4.98 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (dd, J = 12.6, 5.9 Hz, 2H), 4.62 (d, J = 13.6 Hz, 1H), 4.59–4.52 (m, 4H (H-1′)), 4.47 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (t, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.98–3.91 (m, 2H), 3.90–3.66 (m, 17H), 3.66–3.57 (m, 2H), 3.56–3.49 (m, 2H), 3.44–3.39 (m, 1H), 3.36 (s, 3H), 2.79 (dddd, J = 35.0, 12.8, 9.9, 5.7 Hz, 2H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 161.9, 161.7, 138.8, 138.2, 138.0, 134.9, 134.8, 134.2, 133.9, 133.7, 133.51, 133.48, 133.1, 132.8, 130.1, 129.9, 129.5, 129.1, 128.9, 128.4, 128.3, 128.22, 128.16, 127.9, 127.5, 127.4, 127.2, 127.1, 126.93, 126.91, 100.9, 97.7 (C-1′), 97.0 (C-1), 90.9, 81.9, 80.3, 79.0, 75.6, 74.4, 73.3, 73.2, 72.2, 72.0, 71.2, 69.7, 69.4, 69.3, 68.6, 56.0, 55.3, 55.1, 33.8. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C66H68O14SCl6Na, 1351.2362; found, 1351.2329

Phenyl 3,4,6-Tri(o,p-dichlorobenzyl)-2-O-(2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenylthio)ethyl)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-4,6-O-benzylidene-3-O-(2-methylnaphthyl)-1-thio-α-d-mannopyranoside (40)

Using general procedure E starting from glucosyl donor 16b (39 mg; 0.045 mmol) using acceptor 37, the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 40 (31 mg; 0.023 mmol; 52%). TLC: (EtOAc/n-heptane, 50/50 v/v): R = 0.7. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.89–7.69 (m, 4H), 7.57–7.33 (m, 12H), 7.32–7.19 (m, 7H), 7.19–7.08 (m, 3H), 6.03 (s, 2H), 5.72 (s, 1H), 5.63 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H, H-1′), 5.42 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H, H-1), 5.03 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (dd, J = 12.7, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 4.59–4.46 (m, 2H), 4.46–4.36 (m, 2H, H-4′), 4.37–4.25 (m, 2H, H-2′, H-5′), 4.22 (ddd, J = 9.3, 4.9, 2.1 Hz, 1H, H-6a′), 4.04 (dd, J = 9.8, 2.9 Hz, 1H, H-3′), 3.94 (m, 2H, H-3, H-6b′), 3.89–3.78 (m, 2H, H-5), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.71–3.63 (m, 7H, H-6a), 3.59–3.50 (m, 3H, H-4, H-6b), 3.45 (dd, J = 9.6, 3.7 Hz, 1H, H-2), 2.87 (ddd, J = 13.6, 7.8, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 2.80 (ddd, J = 13.3, 7.9, 6.0 Hz, 1H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 161.9, 161.7, 137.7, 135.6, 135.3, 134.5, 134.3, 133.8, 133.71, 133.65, 133.5, 133.3, 133.2, 133.02, 133.00, 131.6, 130.2, 129.8, 129.7, 129.1, 129.0, 128.94, 128.88, 128.8, 128.2, 128.1, 128.0, 127.7, 127.03, 126.97, 126.9, 126.7, 126.24, 126.16, 126.0, 125.9, 125.8, 101.6, 101.4, 98.4 (C-1), 91.0, 88.2 (C-1′), 81.3 (C-3), 81.0(C-2), 79.0 (C-4′), 77.9 (C-2′), 77.6 (C-4), 75.7 (C-3′), 72.8, 71.5, 71.3, 70.6 (C-5), 70.0, 69.7, 69.1 (C-6), 68.5 (C-6′), 65.6 (C-5′), 56.0, 55.3, 34.5. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C68H64O13S2Cl6Na, 1387.1849; found, 1387.1788.

Phenyl 3,4,6-Tri(o,p-dichlorobenzyl)-2-O-(2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenylthio)ethyl)-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-4,6-O-benzylidene-3-O-(2-methylnaphthyl)-1-thio-α-d-mannopyranoside (41)

Using general procedure E starting from galactosyl donor 18b (44 mg; 0.050 mmol) using acceptor 38, the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) yielding 41 (33 mg; 0.024 mmol; 48%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 50/50 v/v): R = 0.7. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.82–7.79 (m, 2H), 7.76 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.54–7.41 (m, 6H), 7.38 (m, 3H), 7.36–7.27 (m, 6H), 7.23–7.16 (m, 5H), 7.13 (dd, J = 8.3, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (dd, J = 8.3, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.03 (s, 2H), 5.71 (s, 1H), 5.68 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H, H-1′), 5.45 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.97–4.75 (m, 5H), 4.58 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.45–4.36 (m, 2H, H-4′), 4.35–4.27 (m, 3H, H-2′, H-5′), 4.24–4.15 (m, 1H, H-6a′), 4.08 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H, H-5), 4.03 (dd, J = 9.8, 2.9 Hz, 1H, H-3′), 3.99–3.87 (m, 4H, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-6b′), 3.87–3.78 (m, 1H), 3.74 (s, 4H), 3.68 (s, 6H), 3.60 (ddd, J = 9.9, 7.4, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (dt, J = 8.9, 5.7 Hz, 1H, H-6a), 3.51–3.44 (m, 1H, H-6b), 2.95–2.84 (m, 1H), 2.80 (ddd, J = 13.0, 7.4, 6.0 Hz, 1H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 161.98, 161.68, 137.7, 135.7, 135.1, 134.8, 134.2, 133.8, 133.7, 133.7, 133.6, 133.4, 133.3, 133.0, 131.5, 130.4, 130.3, 129.6, 129.0, 128.93, 128.88, 128.2, 128.1, 128.0, 127.7, 127.5, 127.1, 126.9, 126.6, 126.2, 126.0, 125.9, 125.8, 101., 101.44, 99.2 (C-1), 94.7, 91.0, 88.2 (C-1′), 79.0 (C-4′), 78.2 (C-3), 77.9 (C-2′), 77.5 (C-2), 76.0 (C-4), 75.8 (C-3′), 72.7, 71.2, 70.0, 69.93, 69.86 (C-5), 69.62, 69.59 (C-6), 68.5 (C-6′), 65.6 (C-5′), 56.0, 55.3, 34.7. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C68H64O13S2Cl6Na, 1385.1864; found, 1385.1842.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (42)

Using general procedure D starting from 10a (98 mg, 0.155 mmol) using BnBr as the benzylation agent, the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane), affording 42 as a white solid (81 mg, 73%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.53. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.54–7.44 (m, 2H), 7.38–7.14 (m, 19H), 6.10 (s, 2H), 5.15 (d, J = 10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.84–4.76 (m, 3H), 4.69 (d, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.56 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.46–4.32 (m, 2H), 3.78 (s, 6H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.74–3.55 (m, 4H, H-2, H-3, H-6), 3.52 (dd, J = 9.8, 8.9 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.37 (ddd, J = 9.8, 5.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H, H-5). 13C{1H} NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.2, 162.0, 138.67, 138.65, 138.6, 138.2, 128.42, 128.39, 128.3, 128.24, 128.21, 128.0, 127.87, 127.86, 127.7, 127.63, 127.60, 127.5, 99.8, 91.2, 86.9 (C-3), 86.8 (C-1), 82.6 (C-2), 79.8 (C-5), 78.2 (C-4), 75.8, 75.2, 75.0, 73.6, 69.6 (C-6), 56.2, 55.3. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C43H46O8SNa, 745.2811; found, 745.2783.

Methyl 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-1-thio-α/β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (50)

Using general procedure F starting from glucosyl donor 42 (0.40 g; 0.059 mmol), the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (10% to 40% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 50 as a mixture of isomers (46.7 mg, 0.045 mmol, 68%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.57. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.01–7.89 (m, 8H), 7.87–7.83 (m, 4H), 7.52–7.45 (m, 4H), 7.45–7.08 (m, 46H), 6.21–6.16 (m, 1H), 6.14 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (dd, J = 10.3, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (dd, J = 10.3, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.28–5.19 (m, 4H), 5.06 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 2H), 4.84–4.71 (m, 6H, α-H-1), 4.69 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.56–4.42 (m, 6H, β-H-1), 4.41–4.34 (m, 2H), 4.32 (ddd, J = 10.4, 6.6, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (dd, J = 11.0, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 3.89–3.78 (m, 3H), 3.68–3.40 (m, 13H), 3.38 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.81, 165.80, 165.75, 165.4, 165.2, 138.9, 138.59, 138.56, 138.5, 138.4, 138.10, 138.07, 137.9, 133.4, 133.3, 133.04, 133.03, 129.91, 129.88, 129.66, 129.64, 129.3, 129.2, 129.08, 129.06, 129.0, 128.9, 128.4–128.3 (m), 128.3–128.15 (m), 127.9, 127.91, 127.89, 127.85, 127.8, 127.72, 127.65, 127.62, 127.56, 127.54, 127.47, 127.46, 104.0 (β-C-1), 97.2 (α-C-1), 96.8, 96.7, 84.5, 82.3, 81.7, 80.0, 77.7, 77.6, 75.7, 75.7, 75.5, 75.00, 74.96, 74.9, 74.80, 74.77, 73.5, 73.42, 73.39, 73.3, 73.1, 72.2, 72.1, 70.6, 70.5, 70.2, 69.9, 69.6, 69.0, 68.9, 68.64, 68.56, 68.3, 66.6, 55.6, 55.5. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C62H60O14Na, 1051.3881; found, 1051.3851.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 2-O-Benzyl-3,4,6-tri-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (43)

Using general procedure D starting from 16a (0.074 g, 0.088 mmol) using BnBr as the benzylation agent, the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 43 as a white solid (49 mg, 60%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.57. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.43–7.02 (m, 18H), 6.09 (s, 2H), 5.15 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.80–4.67 (m, 5H, H-1), 4.59 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (s, 7H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.75–3.64 (m, 3H, H-6, H-3), 3.63–3.53 (m, 2H, H-2, H-4), 3.38 (ddd, J = 9.9, 5.3, 1.9 Hz, 1H, H-5). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.1, 162.0, 138.2, 135.4, 135.0, 134.7, 134.5, 133.8, 133.6, 133.5, 133.3, 133.0, 132.7, 130.4, 130.1, 129.7, 129.4, 128.90, 128.88, 128.8, 128.5, 128.4, 128.3, 128.23, 128.17, 127.7, 126.96, 126.95, 99.5, 91.1, 86.7 (C-1, C-3), 82.4 (C-2), 79.1 (C-5), 78.1 (C-4), 75.1, 71.7, 71.0, 70.0, 56.2, 55.3. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C43H40O8SCl6Na, 949.0473; found, 949.0464.

Methyl 2-O-Benzyl-3,4,6-tri-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1-thio-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)- 2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (51)

Using general procedure F starting from glucosyl donor 43 (0.489 g; 0.053 mmol), the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 51 as a mixture of isomers (α/β = 4/1, 37 mg, 57%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.62. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.03–7.76 (m, 8H), 7.57–7.07 (m, 30H), 6.21–6.11 (m, 1H, H-3′), 5.60–5.54 (m, 1H, H-4′), 5.28–5.19 (m, 2H, H-1′, H-2′), 5.05 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 4.83–4.66 (m, 5H, H-1), 4.66–4.48 (m, 4H), 4.45 (d, J = 13.4 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J = 13.3 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (ddd, J = 10.3, 6.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-5′), 4.13 (dd, J = 11.0, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H, H-3), 3.91–3.83 (m, 2H, H-5, H-6a′), 3.83–3.73 (m, 1H), 3.72–3.69 (m, 1H), 3.67–3.50 (m, 6H, H-2, H-4, H-6, H-6b′), 3.47 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.84, 165.81, 165.7, 165.5, 165.2, 138.12, 138.05, 135.1, 135.0, 134.9, 134.5, 134.4, 134.2, 133.8, 133.74, 133.67, 133.52, 133.50, 133.44, 133.37, 133.30, 133.25, 133.22, 133.1, 132.7, 130.2, 129.5, 129.4, 127.7, 127.1, 126.8, 97.0 (C-1), 96.9 (C-1′), 84.5, 82.0, 81.6 (C-3), 80.0 (C-2), 77.6, 77.5 (C-4), 74.7, 74.6, 73.0, 72.2 (C-2′), 72.1, 71.6, 71.5, 71.1, 71.0, 70.6 (C-3′), 70.4, 70.0 (C-5), 69.9, 69.8, 69.7, 69.5 (C-4′), 69.2, 69.0, 68.9 (C-6), 68.6 (C-5′), 66.6 (C-6′), 55.60, 55.57. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C62H54O14Cl6Na, 1257.1513; found, 1257.1537.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-propyl-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (44)

Using general procedure D starting from 10a (99 mg, 0.156 mmol) using propyl bromide as the alkylating agent, the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 44 (91 mg, 87%) as a white solid. TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.54. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.38–7.23 (m, 19H), 7.21–7.12 (m, 4H), 6.10 (s, 2H), 4.94 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.87–4.75 (m, 2H), 4.63 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.53 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.43–4.29 (m, 2H), 4.03–3.92 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 6H), 3.74 (s, 4H), 3.71 (dd, J = 11.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H, H-6a), 3.64–3.54 (m, 2H, H-3, H-6b), 3.49–3.43 (m, 1H, H-4), 3.41–3.30 (m, 2H, H-2, H-5), 1.68 (h, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 0.96 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.1, 128.39, 128.35, 128.2, 127.9, 127.83, 127.82, 127.7, 127.6, 127.4, 91.2, 86.9 (C-3), 86.3 (C-1), 82.7 (C-2), 79.9 (C-5), 78.1 (C-4), 75.7, 75.0, 74.9, 73.6, 69.6 (C-6), 56.2, 55.24 23.6, 10.6. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C39H46O8SNa, 697.2811; found, 697.2786.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-propyl-1-thio-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (52)

Using general procedure F starting from glucosyl donor 44 (40 mg, 0.059 mmol), the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 40% EtOAc in n-heptane), affording 52 as a mixture of anomers (37 mg, 62%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.32. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.17–7.81 (m, 13H), 7.62–7.10 (m, 38H), 6.14 (t, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H, H-3′), 5.56–5.50 (m, 1H, H-4′), 5.24 (dd, J = 10.1 Hz, 3.7 Hz, 1H, H-2′), 5.18 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H, H-1′), 4.97 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.85–4.77 (m, 2H), 4.74 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.36–4.31 (m, 1H, H-5′), 3.94–3.84 (m, 4H, H-3, H-6a), 3.71 (dd, J = 11.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H, H-6a′), 3.68–3.49 (m, 5H, H-4, H-6b′, H-6, H-7), 3.48–3.41 (m, 6H), 1.67–1.56 (m, 2H), 0.98–0.81 (m, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 167.4, 167.0, 166.0, 165.9, 165.9, 165.3, 139.0, 138.7, 138.0, 133.43, 133.40, 133.35, 133.33, 133.0, 130.1, 129.8, 129.7, 129., 129.20, 129.12, 129.10, 129.0, 128.50, 128.46, 128.2, 128.0, 127.9, 127.6, 127.47, 127.45, 97.1 (C-1), 96.8 (C-1′), 81.6 (C-3), 80.7 (C-2), 77.5 (C-4), 75.4, 74.8, 72.9 (C-2′), 72.2 (C-7), 70.7 (C-3), 70.4, 70.1 (C-4), 69.73 (C-4′), 69.65, 68.7 (C-5′), 68.4 (C-6), 66.6 (C-6′), 55.6, 55.5, 23.3, 10.6. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C58H60O14Na, 1003.3881; found, 1003.3837.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-2-O-propyl-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (45)

Using general procedure D starting from 16a (0.10 g, 0.12 mmol) and 1-bromopropane as the alkylating agent, the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (30% to 60% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 45 as a white solid (88 mg, 84%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.35. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.41 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.38–7.02 (m, 8H), 6.08 (s, 2H), 4.98 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (d, J = 13.3 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.57 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (dt, J = 8.5, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 6H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.71 (dd, J = 11.4, 1.9 Hz, 1H, H-6a), 3.66–3.60 (m, 3H, H-3, H-6b), 3.51 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.40 (dd, J = 9.8, 8.7 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.35 (ddd, J = 9.9, 5.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H, H-5), 1.66–1.53 (m, 2H), 0.93–0.85 (m, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.0, 161.9, 135.1, 134.8, 134.5, 133.7, 133.6, 133.4, 133.3, 133.0, 132.7, 130.1, 129.7, 129.3, 128.90, 128.87, 128.8, 127.0, 126.94, 126.92, 91.2, 86.8 (C-3), 86.2 (C-1), 82.7 (C-2), 79.2 (C-5), 78.0 (C-4), 75.0, 71.6, 70.0 (C-6), 69.9, 56.20, 56.18, 56.15, 55.25, 55.22, 23.5, 10.5. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C39H40Cl6O8SNa, 901.0472; found, 901.0439.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-2-O-propyl-1-thio-α/β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (53)

Using general procedure F starting from glucosyl donor 45 (50 mg; 0.057 mmol), the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (10% to 60% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 53 as an anomeric mixture (α/β = 3/1, 35 mg, 51%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.8. α-Anomer 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.98–7.71 (m, 6H), 7.51–6.93 (m, 15H), 6.08 (t, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H, H-3′), 5.48 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H, H-4′), 5.18 (dd, J = 10.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H, H-2′), 5.14 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H, H-1′), 4.94–4.89 (m, 2H, H-1), 4.72 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (d, J = 13.4 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.30–4.22 (m, 1H, H-5′), 3.91–3.78 (m, 3H, H-3, H-5, H-6′a), 3.71–3.32 (m, 10H, H-6a, H-6′b, H-6b, H-4, H-2), 1.57–1.45 (m, 2H), 0.87–0.76 (m, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.9, 165.8, 165.2, 135.3, 134.9, 134.3, 133.7, 133.48, 133.46, 133.43, 133.39, 133.30, 133.2, 133.1, 132.7, 129.95, 129.94, 129.86, 129.84, 129.82, 129.75, 129.67, 129.64, 129.61, 129.59, 129.3, 129.2, 129.04, 129.01, 128.96, 128.95, 128.92, 128.86, 128.81, 128.5, 128.43, 128.42, 128.32, 128.28, 128.25, 127.02, 126.95, 126.88, 126.86, 96.88 (C-1), 96.85 (C-1′), 81.5 (C-3), 80.7 (C-2), 77.4 (C-4), 72.8, 72.2 (C-2′), 71.4, 71.0, 70.6 (C-3′), 70.1 (C-5′), 69.8, 69.5 (C-4′), 69.0, 68.7(C-5), 66.6, 55.6, 23.3, 10.5. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C58H54Cl6O14Na, 1207.1504; found, 1207.1568.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(benzyl)-2-O-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (46)

Using general procedure C starting from 10a (124 mg; 0.192 mmol) using Br(CH2)3OTHP as the alkylating agent, the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (10% to 60% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 46 as a white solid (84 mg, 62%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.25. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.43–7.08 (m, 15H), 6.11 (s, 2H), 4.91 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (d, J = 10.9 Hz, 1H), 4.57–4.52 (m, 2H, H-1), 4.41 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.07–4.00 (m, 2H), 3.97–3.89 (m, 1H), 3.83 (s, 6H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.70 (dd, J = 11.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H, H-6a), 3.62 (t, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H, H-3), 3.57 (dd, J = 11.6, 5.8 Hz, 1H, H-6b), 3.46 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.34 (dd, J = 10.0, 8.8 Hz, 1H, H-2), 3.32–3.28 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.09 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.96–1.84 (m, 1H), 1.82–1.73 (m, 1H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.29, 162.25, 138.51, 138.48, 138.0, 128.43, 128.35, 128.2, 127.9, 127.8, 127.71, 127.69, 127.4, 98.8, 91.2, 87.0 (C-1), 86.7 (C-3), 82.1 (C-2), 79.8 (C-5), 78.0 (C-4), 75.7, 74.9, 73.6, 71.4, 69.6 (C-6), 60.6, 56.2, 55.3, 32.7. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C39H46O9SNa, 713.2728; found, 713.2760.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-(2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenylthio)propyl)-1-thio-α/β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (54)

Using general procedure E starting from glucosyl donor 46 (56 mg, 0.081 mmol), the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (10% to 40% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 54 as an anomeric mixture (α/β = 2/1, 68 mg, 71%). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.98–7.71 (m, 10H), 7.50–6.97 (m, 48H), 6.05 (s, 1H), 6.02 (s, 2H), 5.41 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.19–5.13 (m, 2H), 5.11 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H, α-H-1′), 5.10 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H, β-H-1′), 4.86 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 1H, α-H-1), 4.83–4.66 (m, 4H), 4.67–4.57 (m, 2H), 4.49 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.45–4.39 (m, 2H), 4.37 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.30–4.22 (m, 2H, β-H-1), 3.98–3.90 (m, 1H), 3.86–3.75 (m, 4H), 3.74 (s, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 9H), 3.69–3.49 (m, 7H), 3.49–3.39 (m, 3H), 3.37–3.28 (m, 2H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 3.14 (ddd, J = 7.6, 6.3, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 2.77–2.63 (m, 2H), 1.77–1.56 (m, 2H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.75, 165.71, 165.3, 165.2, 162.07, 162.05, 161.57, 161.55, 138.8, 138.6, 138.10, 138.05, 138.0, 133.30, 133.26, 133.21, 132.97, 132.96, 129.85, 129.80, 129.76, 129.6, 129.21, 129.19, 129.1, 128.9, 128.4, 128.33, 128.28, 128.27, 128.24, 128.20, 128.19, 128.15, 127.93, 127.91, 127.84, 127.83, 127.80, 127.65, 127.63, 127.61, 127.55, 127.54, 127.48, 127.46, 127.37, 127.35, 103.9 (β-C-1), 101.6, 101.3, 96.9 (α-C-1), 96.7 (β-C-1′), 96.6 (α-C-1), 90.94, 90.90, 84.5, 82.5, 81.4, 80.7, 77.5, 77.42, 77.3, 77.0, 76.8, 75.5, 75.3, 74.84, 74.77, 74.7, 73.33, 73.31, 72.2, 72.1, 71.7, 70.6, 70.5, 70.3, 69.8, 69.6, 69.4, 69.0, 68.8, 68.7, 68.4, 68.3, 66.7, 56.04, 56.01, 55.5, 55.4, 55.3, 31.8, 31.3, 30.90, 30.87, 30.4, 29.7, 22.6. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C67H70O17SNa, 1201.4231; found, 1201.4233.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-2-O-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (47)

Using general procedure C starting from 16a (0.100 g, 0.119 mmol) using Br(CH2)3OTHP as the alkylating agent, the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (20% to 50% EtOAc in n-heptane), affording 47 as a white solid (78 mg, 73%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.25. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.40 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (dd, J = 14.1, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.28–7.23 (m, 5H), 7.22–7.09 (m, 6H), 6.09 (s, 2H), 4.97 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.61–4.54 (m, 2H, H-1), 4.47 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.10–4.00 (m, 1H), 3.96–3.85 (m, 2H), 3.85–3.75 (m, 10H), 3.70 (dd, J = 11.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-6a), 3.68–3.59 (m, 2H, H-3, H-6b), 3.51 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H, H-4), 3.42–3.29 (m, 2H, H-2, H-5), 2.99 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.92–1.79 (m, 1H), 1.79–1.65 (m, 1H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.4, 162.2, 134.9, 134.7, 134.4, 133.8, 133.66, 133.64, 133.4, 133.0, 132.8, 130.2, 129.6, 129.5, 128.93, 128.92, 127.1, 126.98, 126.95, 98.6, 91.2, 86.9 (C-1), 86.7 (C-3), 82.1 (C-2), 79.2 (C-5), 78.1 (C-4), 71.6, 71.3, 71.1, 70.02 (C-6), 70.01, 60.4, 56.2, 55.3, 32.7. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C39H40O9SCl6Na, 917.0422; found, 917.0403.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-2-O-(2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenylthio)propyl)-α/β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (55)

Using general procedure E starting from glucosyl donor 47 (51 mg, 0.058 mmol), the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane), affording 55 as a mixture of anomers (α/β = 2.5/1, 39 mg, 49%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.43. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.03–7.83 (m, 7H), 7.55–7.08 (m, 22H), 6.18–6.10 (m, 1H, H-3′), 6.09 (s, 2H), 5.52 (t, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H, H-4′), 5.25 (dd, J = 10.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H, H-2′), 5.21 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H, H-1′), 4.97 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.90 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (d, J = 13.3 Hz, 1H), 4.56–4.50 (m, 1H), 4.42 (d, J = 13.3 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (ddd, J = 10.4, 6.7, 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-5′), 3.96–3.84 (m, 3H, H-3, H-5, H-6a′), 3.79 (m, 9H), 3.77–3.52 (m, 6H, H-4, H-6, H6b′, H-7), 3.46 (s, 3H), 3.44–3.38 (m, 1H, H-2), 2.84–2.62 (m, 2H), 1.83–1.62 (m, 2H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.9, 165.8, 165.3, 162.1, 161.7, 135.2, 134.9, 134.4, 133.7, 133.5, 133.41, 133.38, 133.3, 133.12, 133.08, 132.7, 129.99, 129.94, 129.85, 129.67, 129.65, 129.3, 129.1, 128.9, 128.84–128.75 (m), 128.42, 128.38, 128.2, 127.0, 126.88, 126.85, 101.2, 96.8 (C-1′), 96.7 (C-1), 91.0, 81.4 (C-3), 80.7 (C-2), 77.4 (C-4), 72.2 (C-2′), 71.3, 71.0, 70.6 (C-3′), 70.1 (C-5), 69.8, 69.6 (C-4′), 69.3, 69.0 (C-6), 68.5 (C-5), 66.7 (C-6′), 56.1, 55.6, 55.3, 30.8, 29.6. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C67H64Cl6O17SNa, 1405.1893; found, 1405.1883.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-2-O-acetyl-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (48)

To a solution of 10a (58 mg, 0.092 mmol) in pyridine (2 mL) was added acetic anhydride (1 mL). The solution was stirred for 4 h at rt before it was concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 48 (56 mg, 91%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.4. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.34–7.21 (m, 13H), 7.18 (dd, J = 7.5, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 6.09 (s, 2H), 5.04 (dd, J = 10.0, 8.7 Hz, 1H (H-2)), 4.77 (dd, J = 11.0, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 4.67 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 4.57–4.54 (m, 2H (H-1)), 4.48 (d, J = 11.8 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 10H (H-6)), 3.69–3.58 (m, 3H (H-3, H-4, H-6)), 3.41 (ddd, J = 9.5, 5.3, 1.8 Hz, 1H, H-5). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 169.5, 162.2, 138.4, 138.2, 137.9, 128.39, 128.37, 128.2, 128.0, 127.85, 127.81, 127.77, 127.7, 127.5, 99.2, 91.2, 85.8 (C-1), 84.7 (C-3), 80.0 (C-5), 78.0 (C-4), 75.2, 75.0, 73.6, 72.9 (C-2), 69.3 (C-6), 56.1, 55.2, 21.1. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C38H42O9SNa, 697.2447; found, 697.2445

Methyl 3,4,6-Tribenzyl-2-O- acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-O-tribenzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (56)

Using general procedure F using glycosyl donor 48 (36 mg, 0.52 mmol), silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 40% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 56 (42 mg, 0.0428 mmol, 83%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.5. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.90 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.87–7.82 (m, 2H), 7.77 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.45–7.40 (m, 2H), 7.36–7.12 (m, 20H), 7.08 (dd, J = 7.4, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 6.06 (t, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H, H-3′), 5.34 (dd, J = 10.3, 9.4 Hz, 1H, H-4′), 5.15 (dd, J = 10.1, 3.6 Hz, 1H, H-2′), 5.12 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H, H-1′), 4.96 (dd, J = 9.2, 7.9 Hz, 1H, H-2), 4.70 (dd, J = 11.1, 7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.60 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.19 (ddd, J = 9.7, 7.3, 1.9 Hz, 1H, H-5′), 3.99 (dd, J = 10.9, 1.9 Hz, 1H, H-6′), 3.65–3.54 (m, 5H, H-6′, H-6, H-6, H-3, H-4), 3.43–3.34 (m, 4H, H-5), 1.93 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 169.5, 165.8, 165.7, 165.3, 138.1, 138.0, 137.8, 133.4, 133.3, 133.0, 129.9, 129.8, 129.6, 129.2, 129.0, 128.8, 128.39, 128.37, 128.3, 128.2, 128.0, 127.81, 127.78, 127.70, 127.67, 127.5, 101.3, 96.6 (C-1′), 82.8 (C-3), 77.8 (C-4), 75.2 (C-5), 75.02, 74.99, 73.4, 73.0 (C-2), 72.1 (C-2′), 70.5 (C-3′), 69.5 (C-4′), 68.7 (C-5′), 68.42 (C-6), 68.36 (C-6′), 55.3, 20.9. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C57H56O12Na, 980.3619; found, 980.3578.

2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl 2-O-Acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-(o,p-dichlorobenzyl)-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (49)

Compound 10a (0.105 g; 0.125 mmol) was dissolved in pyridine (2 mL) and Ac2O (1 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 h, before it was concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel flash column chromatography (0% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane) afforded 49 as a white solid (76 mg, 69%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): = 0.43. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.36–7.26 (m, 5H), 7.22–7.10 (m, 4H), 6.09 (s, 2H), 5.07 (dd, J = 10.0, 8.7 Hz, 1H, H-2), 4.78 (d, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (d, J = 12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 4.65–4.57 (m, 2H, H-1), 4.52 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 6H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.77–3.63 (m, 4H, H-3, H-4, H-6), 3.43 (ddd, J = 9.6, 4.9, 2.1 Hz, 1H, H-5), 2.02 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 169.5, 162.2, 162.1, 134.6, 134.5, 134.2, 134.0, 133.71, 133.66, 133.3, 132.6, 130.1, 129.9, 129.7, 129.0, 128.9, 128.8, 127.2, 127.0, 99.2, 91.2, 85.8 (C-1), 85.1 (C-3), 79.4 (C-5), 77.94 (C-4), 72.88 (C-2), 71.3, 71.2, 70.0, 69.7 (C-6), 56.2, 55.3, 21.1. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C38H36Cl6O9SNa, 901.0109; found, 901.0103.

Methyl 2-O-Acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)- 2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (57)

Using general procedure F starting from glucosyl donor 49 (51 mg; 0.058 mmol), the crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (10% to 30% EtOAc in n-heptane), affording 57 (41 mg, 60%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.57. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.02–7.95 (m, 2H), 7.95–7.88 (m, 2H), 7.87–7.81 (m, 2H), 7.54–7.47 (m, 2H), 7.44–7.23 (m, 16H), 7.22–7.10 (m, 5H), 6.13 (t, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H, H-3′), 5.42 (dd, J = 10.3, 9.4 Hz, 1H, H-4′), 5.26–5.16 (m, 2H, H-1′, H-2′), 5.10–5.02 (m, 1H, H-2), 4.78 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (d, J = 13.4 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H, H-1), 4.45 (d, J = 13.4 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (ddd, J = 10.3, 7.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-5′), 4.07 (dd, J = 11.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-6a′), 3.77–3.68 (m, 4H, H-3, H-4, H-6), 3.65 (dd, J = 10.9, 7.0 Hz, 1H, H-6b′), 3.53–3.47 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.45 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 169.5, 165.8, 165.7, 165.4, 134.4, 134.3, 134.2, 134.1, 133.8, 133.7, 133.5, 133.4, 133.3, 133.2, 133.1, 132.8, 129.9, 129.8, 129.71, 129.69, 129.6, 129.2, 129.08, 129.05, 129.0, 128.9, 128.8, 128.44, 128.41, 128.3, 101.3 (C-1), 96.7 (C-1′), 83.3 (C-3), 77.7 (C-4), 74.9 (C-5), 73.0 (C-2), 72.1 (C-2′), 71.3, 71.2, 70.5 (C-3′), 69.8, 69.5 (C-4′), 69.0 (C-6), 68.7 (C-5′), 68.3 (C-6′), 55.4, 21.0. HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C57H50Cl6O15Na, 1207.1179; found, 1207.1173.

Methyl 3,4,6-Tri-O-(o,p-dichlorobenzyl)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (58)

Compound 32 (35.9 mg; 0.026 mmol) was dissolved in dry DCM (10 mL). MeOTf (4.6 μL; 0.041 mmol) and TTBP (14 mg; 0.055 mmol) were added, and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 h at 40 °C, after which the mixture was allowed to cool down to rt. KOtBu (6.8 mg; 0.041 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h, after which the mixture was diluted with DCM (15 mL) and washed with water (20 mL), sat aq NaHCO3 (20 mL), and brine (20 mL). The organic layer was dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography (20% to 40% EtOAc in n-heptane), yielding 58 (22 mg; 0.019 mmol; 73%). TLC (EtOAc/n-heptane, 40/60 v/v): R = 0.24. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.01–7.96 (m, 2H, CH Ar), 7.96–7.90 (m, 2H, CH Ar), 7.90–7.84 (m, 2H, CH Ar), 7.56–7.27 (m, 15H, CH Ar), 7.23–7.09 (m, 4H, CH Ar), 6.15 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H, H-3′), 5.67 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H, H-4′), 5.28 (dd, J = 10.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H, H-2′), 5.23 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H, H-1′), 5.08–5.03 (m, 1H, H-1), 5.01 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H, CH2PhCl2), 4.83 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H, CH2PhCl2), 4.80 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H, CH2PhCl2), 4.57 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1H, CH2PhCl2), 4.55 (d, J = 13.3 Hz, 1H, CH2PhCl2), 4.41 (d, J = 13.3 Hz, 1H, CH2PhCl2), 4.28 (ddd, J = 10.3, 4.6, 2.2 Hz, 1H, H-5′), 3.93 (dd, J = 11.8, 4.6 Hz, 1H, H-6a′), 3.84–3.71 (m, 4H, H-2, H-3, H-5, H-6b′), 3.67 (dd, J = 10.7, 3.6 Hz, 1H, H-6a), 3.65–3.60 (m, 1H, H-4), 3.54 (dd, J = 10.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H, H-6b), 3.47 (s, 3H, OMe), 2.65 (s, 1H, OH). 13C{1H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3): δ 165.83, 165.80, 165.4, 135.0, 134.7, 134.3, 133.7, 133.64, 133.58, 133.4, 133.22, 133.20, 133.14, 132.9, 130.2, 130.0, 129.9, 129.8, 129.7, 129.5, 129.1, 128.99, 128.98, 128.90, 128.88, 128.81, 128.5, 128.4, 128.3, 127.05–126.99 (m), 126.9, 98.6 (C-1), 97.1 (C-1′), 83.4 (C-3), 77.2 (C-4), 73.3 (C-2), 72.1 (C-2′), 71.4, 71.0, 70.5 (C-5), 70.4 (C-3′), 69.7, 69.2 (C-4), 68.9 (C-6), 68.6 (C-5′), 65.6 (C-6′), 55.8 (OMe). HRMS (ESI-TOF) (m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C55H48O14Cl6Na, 1165.1073; found, 1165.1048.