Systemic inflammation response index predicts prognosis in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a propensity score-matched analysis.

PURPOSE: In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of the systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), which was defined based on peripheral blood counts of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, in patients with localized or locally advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The prognostic value of SIRI was evaluated in a primary cohort consisting of 414 patients with localized or locally advanced CCRCC and then further validated in an independent cohort composed of 168 patients.
RESULTS: Kaplan-Meier survival analyses of both cohorts revealed that CCRCC patients with high SIRI levels exhibited poorer overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) compared with those with low SIRI levels. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate analyses identified SIRI as a significant independent predictor for both OS (HR: 4.853; 95% CI: 2.362-9.972; P<0.001) and CSS (HR: 5.913; 95% CI: 2.681-13.040; P<0.001). Following propensity score matching analysis, SIRI remained an excellent predictor for both OS and CSS. The area under the curve for SIRI was larger than that of the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) prognostic score in both cohorts.
CONCLUSION: SIRI might be a better prognostic predictor than PLR, NLR, MLR, and MSKCC score in patients with localized or locally advanced CCRCC. INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD APPROVAL NUMBER: (2010) Scientific Research Project No. 39.

Introduction

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents 2%–3% of all adult malignancies, among which a large proportion of RCC cases are pathologically categorized as clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC).1,2 Currently, radical nephrectomy is the optimal therapy for localized or locally advanced RCC, since RCC is not sensitive to chemoradiotherapy. However, a recurrence rate of 20%–30% is observed after resection during follow-up.3,4 To evaluate the postoperative risks of RCC patients and to optimize individualized therapy, the seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system is frequently referenced as a clinical guideline to predict the outcomes of RCC patients.5 Disappointingly, the clinical outcomes greatly vary among patients who are classified into the same TNM stage and have received similar therapy.6 Therefore, it is urgently necessary to identify other reliable prognostic factors in order to better assess the outcomes of patients with localized or locally advanced RCC.

Cancer-related inflammation, mainly including the local immune response and systemic inflammation, is a defined hallmark of malignant tumors, which greatly contributes to tumorigenesis and development of cancer.7 Briefly, peripheral blood leukocytes, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, are involved in systemic inflammation. Increasing evidence has suggested that there is complex interplay between leukocytes and the prognosis of patients with various types of cancers, including RCC.8–10 The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR),11–13 which are derived from peripheral blood leukocyte counts, have been recognized as reliable parameters.

Recently, a newly named inflammatory indicator, the systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), which is mainly defined based on peripheral neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts, has been determined to be a reliable prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer.14 However, its potential prognostic value in RCC patients remains largely unexplored. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the prognostic value of SIRI in patients with localized or locally advanced CCRCC who received radical or partial nephrectomy. Furthermore, the prognostic value of SIRI was compared with that of NLR, PLR, MLR, and MSKCC score. In addition, the Cox proportional hazards model and propensity score matching (PSM) analysis were used to enhance the statistical reliability and determine the potential prognostic value of SIRI.

Materials and methods

Patients

Written informed consent was obtained from every participant enrolled in the study. Current study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. The patients who received radical or partial nephrectomy at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (Changzhou, China) from January 2003 to December 2013 were retrospectively identified. To guarantee the accuracy and objectivity of the data collected, patients were excluded if they had a history of antitumor therapy, other concurrent tumors, other acute or chronic concurrent noncancer diseases (including liver disease, inflammation, and infection), and concurrent distant metastasis, or those were lost during follow-up. Finally, a total of 582 eligible patients were enrolled in the present study, among which 168 patients were randomly assigned to the external validation cohort, and all other patients were assigned to the primary cohort. For patients with locally advanced CCRCC, postoperative follow-up procedures were performed every 6 months during the first 3 years and annually thereafter. For patients with localized CCRCC, follow-up procedures included imaging every 6 months in the first year and annually thereafter. Neither neoadjuvant nor adjuvant therapy was performed on the enrolled patients.

Data collection

The following clinicopathological data were collected for each enrolled patient, including age at surgery, sex, T stage, N stage, Fuhrman grade, and whether tumor necrosis and lymphovascular invasion were observed. The TNM stage was assigned based on the 2010 AJCC TNM classification.5 The definition of tumor necrosis was coagulative necrosis as determined by a microscope.15 Lymphovascular invasion was defined as the spread of cancer cells to blood vessels or lymphatic vessels but not the underlying muscular walls.16 Data on relevant laboratory indicators, including neutrophil counts and lymphocyte counts, were collected 1 week before surgery. All the above-mentioned information was retrospectively extracted from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. The SIRI was calculated according to the following formula: SIRI = monocyte × neutrophil/lymphocyte. NLR was the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes.11 MLR was the ratio of monocytes to lymphocytes.12 PLR was the ratio of platelets to lymphocytes.17 The optimal cutoff values, including SIRI (≤1.35, >1.35), NLR (≤2.17, >2.17), PLR (≤179.83, >179.83), and MLR (≤0.30, >0.30), were determined by using X-tile software (http://www.tis-suearray.org/rimmlab).18

Statistical analyses

Statistical analyses were conducted as previously described.19 Briefly, statistical tests were performed using SPSS Statistics software (SPSS 22.0, Chicago, IL, USA) and MedCalc software (Version 11.4.2.0, MedCalc, Inc., Belgium). Two-sided P-values<0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Overall survival (OS) rate was determined from Kaplan– Meier curves and compared to detect statistically significant differences using the log-rank test. A nearest-neighbor matching algorithm was employed in the PSM analysis, with a maximal difference between propensity scores under 30% of the propensity score SD. The Mantel–Cox regression methodology was used for the univariate analysis. Multi-variable analyses using Cox proportional hazards models included variables with P<0.05 from the univariate analyses. The discriminatory abilities of SIRI, NLR, PLR, MLR, and MSKCC score in evaluating prognosis were assessed by comparing the area under the curve (AUC) values of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Differences were compared with MedCalc software to confirm whether they were statistically significant.

Results

Patient characteristics

Table 1 summarizes the clinicopathological characteristics of patients in the primary and validation cohorts. Of the 414 patients in the primary cohort, 257 (62.1%) were males and 152 (36.7%) were 60 years of age or older. The median age was 56.3 years, ranging from 24 to 80 years. The median follow-up period was 69.2 months, ranging from 1 to 151 months. At the final follow-up, 50 (12.1%) patients passed away, and 364 (87.9%) patients survived.

Table 1

Characteristics of primary and validation cohorts

Variables	Primary cohort (n=414)	Validation cohort (n=168)
Age (years)
≤60	262 (63.3%)	103 (61.3%)
>60	152 (36.7%)	65 (38.7%)
Sex
Male	257 (62.1%)	101 (60.1%)
Female	157 (37.9%)	67 (39.9%)
T stage
T1	338 (81.6%)	138 (82.1%)
T2	44 (10.6%)	15 (8.9%)
T3	32 (7.7%)	15 (8.9%)
N stage
N0	404 (97.6%)	164 (97.6%)
N1	10 (2.4%)	4 (2.4%)
Fuhrman grade
1	86 (20.8%)	31 (18.5%)
2	199 (48.1%)	77 (45.8%)
3	94 (22.7%)	48 (28.6%)
4	22 (5.3%)	9 (5.4%)
Tumor size (cm)
≤5	264 (63.8%)	111 (66.1%)
>5	148 (35.7%)	56 (33.3%)
Tumor necrosis
Absent	375 (90.6%)	155 (92.3%)
Present	39 (9.4%)	13 (7.7%)
LVI
Absent	393 (94.9%)	157 (93.5%)
Present	21 (5.1%)	11 (6.5%)
Hemoglobin (g/L)
≤LLN	49 (11.8%)	23 (13.7%)
>LLN	365 (88.2%)	145 (86.3%)
ALP
≤ULN	395 (95.4%)	161 (95.8%)
>ULN	15 (3.6%)	7 (4.2%)
LDH
≤1.5×ULN	403 (97.3%)	166 (98.8%)
>1.5×ULN	7 (1.7%)	2 (1.2%)
SIRI
≤1.35	299 (72.2)	121 (72.0)
>1.35	115 (27.8)	47 (28.0)
NLR
≤2.17	214 (51.7%)	87 (51.8%)
>2.17	200 (48.3%)	81 (48.2%)
≤0.30	274 (66.2%)	109 (64.9%)
>0.30	140 (33.8%)	59 (35.1%)
PLR
≤179.83	356 (86.0%)	147 (87.5%)
>179.83	58 (14.0%)	21 (12.5%)
MSKCC score
1	311 (75.1%)	118 (70.2%)
2	91 (22.0%)	47 (28.0%)
3	3 (2.9%)	3 (1.8%)

Abbreviations: LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LLN, lower limit of normal; LVI, lymphovascular invasion; MLR, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; MSKCC, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; SIRI, systemic inflammation response index; ULN, upper limit of normal.

In the validation cohort, there were 168 patients, including 101 (60.1%) males and 65 (38.7%) patients who were 60 years of age or older. At the final follow-up, 26 (15.5%) patients passed away and 142 (84.5%) patients survived.

Cutoff values for continuous variables

Table 1 presents the cutoff values for all continuous variables. The patients were divided into two groups based on the optimal cutoff value of SIRI (≤1.35, n=299;>1.35, n=115). The optimal cutoff values for NLR, MLR, and PLR were 2.17, 0.30, and 179.83, respectively. The cutoff value of Hb was 130 g/L for males and 115 g/L for females (lower limit of the reference). The cutoff value of ALP was 125 U/L (upper limit of the reference). The cutoff value of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was 1.5×245 U/L (1.5×upper limit of the reference).

Associations between the SIRI and clinicopathological characteristics of the primary patient cohort

Table 2 summarizes the associations between the SIRI and clinicopathological characteristics in patients of the primary cohort. Higher SIRI levels were significantly associated with older age at surgery (P=0.001), male gender (P=0.001), more advanced T stage (P<0.001), more advanced N stage (P=0.021), higher Fuhrman grade (P=0.001), larger tumor size (P=0.038), tumor necrosis (P<0.001), lower Hb level (P=0.001), and elevated ALP (P=0.032) and LDH (P=0.009) levels.

Table 2

Associations between SIRI and clinicopathological characteristics in primary cohort before and after PSM analysis

Variables	Pre-PSM			Post-PSM
	SIRI £1.35 (n=299)	SIRI >1.35 (n=115)	P-value	SIRI £1.35 (n=97)	SIRI >1.35 (n=97)	P-value
Age (years)			0.001*			1
≤60	204 (68.2%)	58 (50.4%)		49(50.5%)	49 (50.5%)
>60	95 (31.8%)	57 (49.6%)		48 (49.5%)	48 (49.5%)
Sex			0.001*			0.226
Male	171 (57.2%)	86 (74.8%)		79 (81.4%)	72 (74.2%)
Female	128(42.8%)	29 (25.2%)		18 (18.6%)	25(25.8%)
T stage			<0.001*			0.066
T1	260 (87.0%)	78 (67.8%)		86 (88.7%)	74 (76.3%)
T2	26 (8.7%)	18 (15.7%)		6 (6.2%)	15 (15.5%)
T3	13 (4.3%)	19 (16.5%)		5 (5.2%)	8 (8.2%)
N stage			0.021*
N0	295 (98.7%)	109 (94.8%)		93 (95.9%)	94 (96.9%)
N1	4 (1.3%)	6 (5.2%)		4 (4.1%)	3 (3.1%)	0.7
Fuhrman grade			0.001*			0.814
1	69 (23.8%)	17 (15.3%)		17 (17.5%)	15 (15.5%)
2	143 (49.3%)	56 (50.5%)		49 (50.5%)	53 (54.6%)
3	70 (24.1%)	24 (21.6%)		26 (26.8%)	22 (22.7%)
4	8 (2.8%)	14 (12.6%)		5 (5.2%)	7 (7.2%)
Tumor size (cm)			0.038*			0.373
≤5	200 (67.1%)	64 (56.1%)		64 (66.0%)	58 (59.8%)
>5	98 (32.9%)	50 (43.9%)		33 (34.0%)	39 (40.2%)
Tumor necrosis			<0.001*			0.426
Absent	281 (94.0%)	94 (81.7%)		84 (86.6%)	84 (86.6%)
Present	18 (6.0%)	21 (18.3%)		13 (13.4%)	13 (13.4%)
LVI			0.113			0.7
Absent	287 (96.0%)	106 (92.2%)		94 (96.9%)	93 (95.9%)
Present	12 (4.0%)	9 (7.8%)		3 (3.1%)	4 (4.1%)
Hemoglobin (g/L)			0.001*			0.557
≤LLN	26 (8.7%)	23 (20.0%)		17 (17.5%)	14 (14.4%)
>LLN	273 (91.3%)	92 (80.0%)		80 (82.5%)	83 (85.6%)
ALP			0.023*			0.7
≤ULN	290 (97.6%)	105 (92.9%)		94 (96.9%)	93 (95.9%)
>ULN	7 (2.4%)	8 (7.1%)		3 (3.1%)	4 (4.1%)
LDH			0.009*			1
≤1.5×ULN	295 (99.3%)	108 (95.6%)		96 (99.0%)	96 (99.0%)
>1.5×ULN	2 (0.7%)	5 (4.4%)		1 (1.0%)	1 (1.0%)

Notes:

P<0.05.

Abbreviations: LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LLN, lower limit of normal; LVI, lymphovascular invasion; PSM, propensity score matching; SIRI, systemic inflammation response index; ULN, upper limit of normal.

Prognostic value of SIRI

Patients with higher SIRI values (>1.35) had a significantly worse OS (P<0.001) and cancer-specific survival (CSS; P<0.001) than those with lower SIRI values (≤1.35) in the primary cohort before PSM analysis (Figure 1A, B). Since there were some differences in clinicopathological characteristics between the low SIRI and high SIRI groups, PSM analysis was utilized to minimize these discriminations. During such process, 97 patients selected from the low SIRI group were respectively paired with high SIRI patients using the nearest-neighbor algorithm. After PSM analysis, the differences in clinicopathological characteristics were well balanced and evenly distributed in the low SIRI group and high SIRI group (all P>0.05; Table 2). Kaplan–Meier survival curves confirmed that patients in high SIRI group had worse OS and CSS (Figure 1C, D) after PSM analysis. In the validation cohort, the same conclusion was drawn from the Kaplan–Meier curves (Figure 1E, F).

Figure 1

Kaplan–Meier curves for OS and CSS according to SIRI in the primary cohort before PSM analysis (A, B), after PSM analysis (C, D), and in the validation cohort (E, F).

Abbreviations: CSS, cancer-specific survival; OS, overall survival; PSM, propensity score matching; SIRI, systemic inflammation response index.

Table 3 shows the outcomes of the multivariate analysis for OS and CSS before PSM analysis in the primary cohort. Considering the original correlations among SIRI, NLR, MLR, and PLR, multivariate analysis was conducted on the above-mentioned inflammation-based prognostic scores respectively, indicating that SIRI (HR =4.853; 95% CI: 2.362–9.972; P<0.001), NLR (P=0.001), MLR (P=0.001), and T stage (P=0.011) were significantly and independently associated with OS. We found similar results for CSS in the multivariate analysis.

Table 3

OS, CSS, and multivariate analyses in primary cohort before PSM analysis

Variables	Multivariate analysis for OS		Multivariate analysis for CSS
	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
Age (years)		0.252a		0.429a
>60 years vs ≤60 years	1.506 (0.748–3.033)		1.352 (0.641–2.852)
Sex
Male vs Female
T stage		0.011a,*		0.011a,*
T1	Reference		Reference
T2	1.710 (0.717–4.081)	0.227a	1.883 (0.760–4.667)	0.172a
T3	5.212 (1.770–15.345)	0.003a,*	5.520 (1.812–16.820)	0.003a,*
N stage		0.111a,*		0.125a,*
N1 vs N0	3.002 (0.777–11.589)		2.935 (0.742–11.603)
Fuhrman grade		0.064a		0.104a
1	Reference		Reference
2	2.361 (0.620–8.991)	0.208a	2.066 (0.515–8.292)	0.306a
3	3.444 (0.901–13.163)	0.071a	3.081 (0.761–12.469)	0.115a
4	0.738 (0.140–3.879)	0.720a	0.692 (0.129–3.712)	0.667a
Tumor size (cm)
>5 vs ≤5	2.187 (0.997–4.795)	0.051a	2.576 (1.098–6.047)	0.030a
Tumor necrosis		0.146a,*		0.081a
Present vs absent	1.730 (0.826–3.624)		1.971 (0.919–4.227)
LVI		0.124a		0.079a
Present vs absent	2.354 (0.791–7.006)		2.682 (0.892–8.069)
Hemoglobin (g/L)		0.075a		0.143a
≤LLN vs >LLN	2.133 (0.928–4.906)		1.953 (0.798–4.779)
ALP		0.986a		0.883a
>ULN vs ≤ULN	0.989 (0.289–3.384)		0.909 (0.254–3.251)
LDH		0.790a		0.814a
>1.5×ULN vs ≤1.5×ULN	1.261 (0.230–6.918)		1.226 (0.226–6.649)
SIRI		<0.001a,*		<0.001a,*
≤1.35 vs >1.35	4.853 (2.362–9.972)		5.913 (2.681–13.040)
NLR		0.001b,*		0.001b,*
>2.17 vs ≤2.17	3.650 (1.735–7.678)		4.192 (1.852–9.491)
MLR		0.001b,*		0.002b,*
>0.30 vs ≤0.30	3.417 (1.674–6.972)		3.416 (1.596–7.314)
PLR		0.913b		0.781b
>179.83 vs ≤179.83	1.051 (0.434–2.543)		1.137 (0.460–2.808)

Notes:

Age, T stage, N stage, Fuhrman grade, tumor size, tumor necrosis, LVI, hemoglobin, ALP, LDH, and SIRI variables were tested in a multivariate analysis.

NLR, MLR, and PLR were evaluated together with age, T stage, N stage, Fuhrman grade, tumor size, tumor necrosis, LVI, Hb, ALP, and LDH, respectively; and multivariate analysis for these inflammation-based prognostic scores was then conducted.

P<0.05

Abbreviations: CSS, cancer-specific survival; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LLN, lower limit of normal; LVI, lymphovascular invasion; MLR, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; OS, overall survival; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; PSM, propensity score matching; SIRI, systemic inflammation response index; ULN, upper limit of normal.

The prognostic significance of the preoperative SIRI was further elucidated in subgroups of TNM stage (I+II/III+IV) and Fuhrman grade (G1+G2/G3+G4). Patients with high SIRI levels had a significantly shortened OS and CSS compared with those with low SIRI levels in the TNM stage I+II subgroup (OS, P<0.001, Figure 2A; CSS, P<0.001, Figure 2B), TNM stage III+IV subgroup (OS, P=0.004, Figure 2C; CSS, P=0.004, Figure 2D), Fuhrman grade G1+G2 subgroup (OS, P=0.005, Figure 2E; CSS, P=0.001, Figure 2F), and Fuhrman grade G3+G4 subgroup (OS, P<0.001, Figure 2G; CSS, P<0.001, Figure 2H).

Figure 2

Kaplan–Meier curves for OS and CSS according to SIRI in the TNM stage I+II subgroup (A, B), TNM stage III+IV subgroup (C, D), Fuhrman grade G1+G2 subgroup (E, F), and Fuhrman grade G3+G4 subgroup (G, H) in the primary cohort.

Abbreviations: CSS, cancer-specific survival; OS, overall survival; SIRI, systemic inflammation response index.

Comparison of the discriminatory abilities of SIRI, NLR, PLR, MLR, and MSKCC score

To compare the discriminatory power of SIRI, NLR, PLR, MLR, and MSKCC score, we generated ROC curves for OS at the 3- and 5-year follow-up examinations. Figure 3 shows that the AUC value was higher for SIRI compared with NLR, PLR, MLR, and MSKCC score at both the 3- and 5-year follow-up in both the primary cohort and validation cohort, and such difference was only significant for some of the prognostic scores. Table 4 illustrates the discriminatory ability comparisons of SIRI with NLR, PLR, MLR, and MSKCC score.

Figure 3

Predictive ability of SIRI was compared with NLR, PLR, MLR, and MSKCC score by ROC curves at 3 and 5 years of follow-up in the primary (A, B) and validation (C, D) cohorts.

Abbreviations: CSS, cancer-specific survival; MLR, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; MSKCC, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; SIRI, systemic inflammation response index.

Table 4

Comparison of the discriminatory ability of inflammation-based prognostic scores in primary and validation cohorts

Cohort	Variables	AUC	95% CI	P-value	P-value for comparison to SIRIa
Primary cohort	3-year
	SIRI	0.795	0.753–0.833	<0.001a	–
	NLR	0.730	0.685–0.772	<0.001a	0.134
	MLR	0.763	0.719–0.803	<0.001a	0.001a
	PLR	0.669	0.621–0.714	0.005a	0.015*
	MSKCC score	0.702	0.577–0.827	0.001a	0.067
	5-year
	SIRI	0.767	0.723–0.807	<0.001a	–
	NLR	0.698	0.651–0.742	<0.001a	0.047a
	MLR	0.734	0.689–0.776	<0.001a	0.241
	PLR	0.611	0.562–0.658	0.024a	<0.001a
	MSKCC score	0.687	0.586–0.789	<0.001a	0.118
Validation cohort	3-year
	SIRI	0.759	0.666–0.853	<0.001a	–
	NLR	0.728	0.655–0.794	0.011a	0.231
	MLR	0.701	0.626–0.769	0.026a	0.017a
	PLR	0.676	0.600–0.746	0.051	0.003a
	MSKCC score	0.675	0.507–0.843	0.052	0.612
	5-year
	SIRI	0.738	0.670–0.793	<0.001a	–
	NLR	0.673	0.597–0.744	0.014a	0.224
	MLR	0.688	0.612–0.757	0.008a	0.051
	PLR	0.637	0.560–0.710	0.052	0.023a
	MSKCC score	0.711	0.585–0.837	0.003a	0.833

Notes:

AUC values for SIRI and other inflammation-based prognostic scores were compared using MedCalc software.

P<0.05.

Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; MLR, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; MSKCC, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; SIRI, systemic inflammation response index.

Discussion

The potentially substantial connection between cancer and inflammation was originally proposed by Virchow in the 19th century.20 Gradually, the critical role of inflammation in mediating tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis of malignancies has become widely recognized.10,21–23 Systemic inflammatory indexes, including NLR, PLR, and MLR, have been shown to predict prognosis of various cancers, including RCC.11–13 A newly named inflammatory marker, SIRI, which is defined based on peripheral blood counts of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, has been found to be an independent risk factor for survival among patients with pancreatic cancer. SIRI is considered to be better than MLR and NLR in terms of predictive accuracy, and it is able to reflect the status of local immune response and systemic inflammation in patients with pancreatic cancer.14

In the present study, both the Cox proportional hazards model and PSM analysis were applied to confirm the independent prognostic value of SIRI for OS and CSS among patients with localized or locally advanced CCRCC in two independent cohorts. The predictive ability of SIRI was more powerful compared with NLR, PLR, and MLR. To date, the TNM staging system and Fuhrman grading system have been widely used in clinical practice to predict prognosis of RCC patients. However, it is still difficult to predict outcomes for patients with early-stage or low-grade RCC. In the present study, the patients were further stratified for subgroup analysis based on their TNM stage and Fuhrman grade. We found that the prognostic value of SIRI remained powerful for early-stage (TNM stage I+II; Figure 2A, B) and low-grade (Fuhrman G1+ G2; Figure 2E, F) CCRCC patients. Taken together, our results indicated that SIRI could predict OS for CCRCC patients, even for patients with early-stage or low Fuhrman grade disease. The powerful prognostic value of SIRI in those early-stage or low-grade subgroups suggested that it could be used to identify patients with a high risk of recurrence or metastasis, to whom adjuvant therapy should be preferably administered. Meanwhile, standard and advanced laboratory evaluations of peripheral neutrophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte counts have contributed to the accuracy, accessibility, and regular utilization of SIRI in clinical practice. Therefore, these results were crucially valuable for increasing the accuracy of the established prognostic factors, demonstrating that SIRI might serve as an effective method for accurate diagnosis and early decision-making for patients with localized or locally advanced CCRCC after radical or partial nephrectomy.

Accumulating evidence indicates that there is a complex interplay among systemic inflammation, tumorigenesis, and tumor progression. Studies have shown that the systemic inflammatory response destroys the host immune response, facilitating the escape of tumor cells from immune surveillance, inhibiting apoptosis and promoting genomic instability, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis in cancer patients.10,20,24 Peripheral blood leukocytes, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, are involved in the systemic inflammatory response and participate in the process of tumorigenesis and cancer progression. First, neutrophils can be evoked by cancer-related inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, such as IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor. In addition, high levels of neutrophils promote the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells and induce resistance to cancer therapeutics.10,25,26 Second, the immune response to cancer cells in humans depends mainly on the level of lymphocytes, which can be sharply diminished by systemic inflammation. Relative lymphocytopenia may reflect a lower level of CD4+ T cells, which impairs cancer immune surveillance and defence.10,27 Third, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which are derived from circulating monocytes, can damage the immune system and promote invasion, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis of cancer cells.10,28 To some extent, the level of monocytes in the peripheral blood can reflect the levels of TAMs. Therefore, a high level of monocytes represents a high tumor burden in cancer patients.29 Moreover, cancer-associated inflammation leads to an elevated SIRI and promotes tumorigenesis and cancer progression, eventually resulting in an unfavorable outcome in cancer patients.

There were several possible limitations in the present study. First, this was a retrospective, single-institute study, and selection biases might exist during data collection. Therefore, PSM analysis was performed to minimize the discriminations caused by the baseline information of different groups. However, a multicenter, prospective study is necessary to confirm our findings. Another limitation was the lack of certain follow-up information, such as relapse-free survival and progression-free survival, although OS and CSS already indicated the prognostic value of SIRI in CCRCC.

Conclusion

In the present study, we established a novel and easily assessable prognostic scoring system, named SIRI, which was constructed based on pretreatment levels of peripheral neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Collectively, our findings suggested that SIRI might serve as an independent prognostic predictor, and it could be used to better predict the prognosis in patients with localized or locally advanced CCRCC.