Kaisa Kaseva1, Henrik Dobewall1,2, Xiaolin Yang3, Laura Pulkki-Råback1,4, Jari Lipsanen1, Taina Hintsa1,5, Mirka Hintsanen1,6, Sampsa Puttonen1, Mirja Hirvensalo7, Marko Elovainio1, Olli Raitakari8,9, Tuija Tammelin3. 1. Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FINLAND. 2. Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FINLAND. 3. LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, FINLAND. 4. Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FINLAND. 5. School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, FINLAND. 6. Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, FINLAND. 7. Department of Sport Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND. 8. Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND. 9. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Physical activity, sleep problems, and symptoms of depression contribute to overall well-being. The factors are reciprocally associated, but the nature of these associations remains unclear. The present study examined whether sleep problems mediated the association between physical activity and depressive symptoms. METHODS: The eligible population (n = 3596) consisted of adults from the ongoing, population-based Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study started in 1980. Participants' leisure-time physical activity was assessed with physical activity index (2007) and sleep problems with Jenkins' Sleep Questionnaire in 2007 and 2011. Depressive symptoms were measured using modified Beck Depression Inventory in 2007 and 2012, from which the items reflecting sleep problems were excluded. Mediation analyses, through which the associations between the variables were examined, were adjusted for sex and a set of health-related covariates assessed in 2007 and 2011. RESULTS: Physical activity was associated with decreased levels of sleep problems and depressive symptoms (P < 0.05). The association between physical activity and depressive symptoms (b = -0.10, P < 0.01) was partly mediated by sleep problems (proportion mediated = 0.36, P < 0.01). The adjustment for depressive symptoms at baseline attenuated the mediation effect (proportion mediated = 0.30, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity's favorable contribution to depressive symptoms was mediated partly by sleep, but the mediation effect disappeared after adjusting for the previous depressive symptoms in adulthood.
PURPOSE: Physical activity, sleep problems, and symptoms of depression contribute to overall well-being. The factors are reciprocally associated, but the nature of these associations remains unclear. The present study examined whether sleep problems mediated the association between physical activity and depressive symptoms. METHODS: The eligible population (n = 3596) consisted of adults from the ongoing, population-based Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study started in 1980. Participants' leisure-time physical activity was assessed with physical activity index (2007) and sleep problems with Jenkins' Sleep Questionnaire in 2007 and 2011. Depressive symptoms were measured using modified Beck Depression Inventory in 2007 and 2012, from which the items reflecting sleep problems were excluded. Mediation analyses, through which the associations between the variables were examined, were adjusted for sex and a set of health-related covariates assessed in 2007 and 2011. RESULTS: Physical activity was associated with decreased levels of sleep problems and depressive symptoms (P < 0.05). The association between physical activity and depressive symptoms (b = -0.10, P < 0.01) was partly mediated by sleep problems (proportion mediated = 0.36, P < 0.01). The adjustment for depressive symptoms at baseline attenuated the mediation effect (proportion mediated = 0.30, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity's favorable contribution to depressive symptoms was mediated partly by sleep, but the mediation effect disappeared after adjusting for the previous depressive symptoms in adulthood.
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