Chris Penlington1. 1. School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: It is widely known that the mind and the body, although described medically almost as separate entities, are in fact highly interrelated. This is not, however, always reflected within medical settings where physical interventions are often favoured over more holistic management, even in the case of long-term symptoms and/or pain where there is a strong evidence to favour the use of the latter. Mindfulness is an established and evidence-based intervention which can help people living with pain and physical symptoms. Interventions based on Compassion and Loving-kindness have also shown early promise but have not been fully explored. This study proposes a compassion-focused conceptualisation of persistent pain and reports on an intervention based upon this formulation. METHODS: The study took place within a routine clinical setting. Standardised outcome measures were collected pre- and post-intervention and effect sizes calculated for mean differences on each measure. Written qualitative comments that participants attributed to the group were also collected post-intervention and analysed with a thematic analysis. This was an uncontrolled, unpowered study conducted within a clinical setting which aimed to examine the intervention for any initial evidence of promise and to explore how it would be received by patients. RESULTS: The results of the study indicated that engagement of patients in the intervention was reasonable. Improvements were recorded in pain distress (effect size (ES), 0.47) and intensity (ES, 0.23), anxiety (ES, 0.72), depression (ES, 0.46) and self-efficacy (ES, 0.36). Following the intervention, patients described changes that were grouped into the categories of feeling different, doing things differently and changed attitude. CONCLUSION: This exploratory study has demonstrated that a group-based intervention based on a model of compassion and including mindfulness and loving-kindness exercise has potential as an intervention to be used within routine pain management settings.
INTRODUCTION: It is widely known that the mind and the body, although described medically almost as separate entities, are in fact highly interrelated. This is not, however, always reflected within medical settings where physical interventions are often favoured over more holistic management, even in the case of long-term symptoms and/or pain where there is a strong evidence to favour the use of the latter. Mindfulness is an established and evidence-based intervention which can help people living with pain and physical symptoms. Interventions based on Compassion and Loving-kindness have also shown early promise but have not been fully explored. This study proposes a compassion-focused conceptualisation of persistent pain and reports on an intervention based upon this formulation. METHODS: The study took place within a routine clinical setting. Standardised outcome measures were collected pre- and post-intervention and effect sizes calculated for mean differences on each measure. Written qualitative comments that participants attributed to the group were also collected post-intervention and analysed with a thematic analysis. This was an uncontrolled, unpowered study conducted within a clinical setting which aimed to examine the intervention for any initial evidence of promise and to explore how it would be received by patients. RESULTS: The results of the study indicated that engagement of patients in the intervention was reasonable. Improvements were recorded in pain distress (effect size (ES), 0.47) and intensity (ES, 0.23), anxiety (ES, 0.72), depression (ES, 0.46) and self-efficacy (ES, 0.36). Following the intervention, patients described changes that were grouped into the categories of feeling different, doing things differently and changed attitude. CONCLUSION: This exploratory study has demonstrated that a group-based intervention based on a model of compassion and including mindfulness and loving-kindness exercise has potential as an intervention to be used within routine pain management settings.
Authors: James W Carson; Francis J Keefe; Thomas R Lynch; Kimberly M Carson; Veeraindar Goli; Anne Marie Fras; Steven R Thorp Journal: J Holist Nurs Date: 2005-09
Authors: Kurt Kroenke; Robert L Spitzer; Janet B W Williams; Patrick O Monahan; Bernd Löwe Journal: Ann Intern Med Date: 2007-03-06 Impact factor: 25.391