Anna R Hemnes1, J Matthew Luther2, Christopher J Rhodes3, Jason P Burgess4, James Carlson5, Run Fan6, Joshua P Fessel1, Niki Fortune1, Robert E Gerszten7, Stephen J Halliday1, Rezzan Hekmat8, Luke Howard9, John H Newman1, Kevin D Niswender10, Meredith E Pugh1, Ivan M Robbins1, Quanhu Sheng11, Cyndya A Shibao2, Yu Shyr11, Susan Sumner12, Megha Talati1, John Wharton3, Martin R Wilkins3, Fei Ye11, Chang Yu6, James West1, Evan L Brittain8. 1. Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and. 2. Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 3. Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom. 4. Leco Corporation, St. Joseph, Michigan, USA. 5. RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA. 6. Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 7. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 8. Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 9. National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London and National Pulmonary Hypertension Service, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom. 10. Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism and. 11. Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 12. NIH Common Fund Eastern Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a deadly disease of the small pulmonary vasculature with an increased prevalence of insulin resistance (IR). Insulin regulates both glucose and lipid homeostasis. We sought to quantify glucose- and lipid-related IR in human PAH, testing the hypothesis that lipoprotein indices are more sensitive indices of IR in PAH. METHODS: Oral glucose tolerance testing in PAH patients and triglyceride-matched (TG-matched) controls and proteomic, metabolomics, and lipoprotein analyses were performed in PAH and controls. Results were validated in an external cohort and in explanted human PAH lungs. RESULTS: PAH patients were similarly glucose intolerant or IR by glucose homeostasis metrics compared with control patients when matched for the metabolic syndrome. Using the insulin-sensitive lipoprotein index, TG/HDL ratio, PAH patients were more commonly IR than controls. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis demonstrated separation between PAH and controls, driven by differences in lipid species. We observed a significant increase in long-chain acylcarnitines, phosphatidylcholines, insulin metabolism-related proteins, and in oxidized LDL receptor 1 (OLR1) in PAH plasma in both a discovery and validation cohort. PAH patients had higher lipoprotein axis-related IR and lipoprotein-based inflammation scores compared with controls. PAH patient lung tissue showed enhanced OLR1 immunostaining within plexiform lesions and oxidized LDL accumulation within macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: IR in PAH is characterized by alterations in lipid and lipoprotein homeostasis axes, manifest by elevated TG/HDL ratio, and elevated circulating medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines and lipoproteins. Oxidized LDL and its receptor OLR1 may play a role in a proinflammatory phenotype in PAH. FUNDING: NIH DK096994, HL060906, UL1 RR024975-01, UL1 TR000445-06, DK020593, P01 HL108800-01A1, and UL1 TR002243; American Heart Association 13FTF16070002.
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a deadly disease of the small pulmonary vasculature with an increased prevalence of insulin resistance (IR). Insulin regulates both glucose and lipid homeostasis. We sought to quantify glucose- and lipid-related IR in human PAH, testing the hypothesis that lipoprotein indices are more sensitive indices of IR in PAH. METHODS: Oral glucose tolerance testing in PAH patients and triglyceride-matched (TG-matched) controls and proteomic, metabolomics, and lipoprotein analyses were performed in PAH and controls. Results were validated in an external cohort and in explanted human PAH lungs. RESULTS: PAH patients were similarly glucose intolerant or IR by glucose homeostasis metrics compared with control patients when matched for the metabolic syndrome. Using the insulin-sensitive lipoprotein index, TG/HDL ratio, PAH patients were more commonly IR than controls. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis demonstrated separation between PAH and controls, driven by differences in lipid species. We observed a significant increase in long-chain acylcarnitines, phosphatidylcholines, insulin metabolism-related proteins, and in oxidized LDL receptor 1 (OLR1) in PAH plasma in both a discovery and validation cohort. PAH patients had higher lipoprotein axis-related IR and lipoprotein-based inflammation scores compared with controls. PAH patient lung tissue showed enhanced OLR1 immunostaining within plexiform lesions and oxidized LDL accumulation within macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: IR in PAH is characterized by alterations in lipid and lipoprotein homeostasis axes, manifest by elevated TG/HDL ratio, and elevated circulating medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines and lipoproteins. Oxidized LDL and its receptor OLR1 may play a role in a proinflammatory phenotype in PAH. FUNDING: NIH DK096994, HL060906, UL1 RR024975-01, UL1 TR000445-06, DK020593, P01 HL108800-01A1, and UL1 TR002243; American Heart Association 13FTF16070002.
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