Jannick De Tobel1,2,3, Elke Hillewig4, Michiel Bart de Haas5, Bram Van Eeckhout4, Steffen Fieuws6, Patrick Werner Thevissen7, Koenraad Luc Verstraete4. 1. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. jannick.detobel@ugent.be. 2. Department of Imaging and Pathology - Forensic Odontology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. jannick.detobel@ugent.be. 3. Department of Head, Neck and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. jannick.detobel@ugent.be. 4. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. 5. Department of Forensic Anthropology, Netherlands Forensic Institute, Den Haag, The Netherlands. 6. Department Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven - University of Leuven & Universiteit Hasselt, I-BioStat, Leuven, Belgium. 7. Department of Imaging and Pathology - Forensic Odontology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Providing recommendations for wrist MRI in age estimation by determining (1) which anatomical structures to include in the statistical model, (2) which MRI sequence to conduct, and (3) which staging technique to apply. METHODS: Radius and ulna were prospectively studied on 3 T MRI in 363 healthy Caucasian participants (185 females, 178 males) between 14 and 26 years old, using T1 spin echo (SE) and T1 gradient echo VIBE. Bone development was assessed applying a 5-stage staging technique with several amelioration attempts to optimise staging. A Bayesian model rendered point predictions of age and diagnostic indices to discern minors from adults. RESULTS: All approaches rendered similar results, with none of them outperforming the others. A single bone assessment of radius or ulna sufficed. SE and VIBE sequences were both suitable, but needed sequence-specific age estimation. A one-fits-all 5-stage staging technique-with substages in stage 3-was suitable and did not benefit from profound substaging. Age estimation based on SE radius resulted in a mean absolute error of 1.79 years, a specificity (correctly identified minors) of 93%, and a discrimination slope of 0.640. CONCLUSION: Radius and ulna perform similarly to estimate age, and so do SE and VIBE. A one-fits-all staging technique can be applied. KEY POINTS: • Radius and ulna perform similarly to estimate age. • SE and VIBE perform similarly, but age estimation should be based on the corresponding sequence-specific reference data. • A one-fits-all 5-stage staging technique with substages 3a, 3b, and 3c can be applied to both bones and both sequences.
OBJECTIVES: Providing recommendations for wrist MRI in age estimation by determining (1) which anatomical structures to include in the statistical model, (2) which MRI sequence to conduct, and (3) which staging technique to apply. METHODS: Radius and ulna were prospectively studied on 3 T MRI in 363 healthy Caucasian participants (185 females, 178 males) between 14 and 26 years old, using T1 spin echo (SE) and T1 gradient echo VIBE. Bone development was assessed applying a 5-stage staging technique with several amelioration attempts to optimise staging. A Bayesian model rendered point predictions of age and diagnostic indices to discern minors from adults. RESULTS: All approaches rendered similar results, with none of them outperforming the others. A single bone assessment of radius or ulna sufficed. SE and VIBE sequences were both suitable, but needed sequence-specific age estimation. A one-fits-all 5-stage staging technique-with substages in stage 3-was suitable and did not benefit from profound substaging. Age estimation based on SE radius resulted in a mean absolute error of 1.79 years, a specificity (correctly identified minors) of 93%, and a discrimination slope of 0.640. CONCLUSION: Radius and ulna perform similarly to estimate age, and so do SE and VIBE. A one-fits-all staging technique can be applied. KEY POINTS: • Radius and ulna perform similarly to estimate age. • SE and VIBE perform similarly, but age estimation should be based on the corresponding sequence-specific reference data. • A one-fits-all 5-stage staging technique with substages 3a, 3b, and 3c can be applied to both bones and both sequences.
Entities:
Keywords:
Adolescent; Adult; Age determination by skeleton; Magnetic resonance imaging; Wrist
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