Impaired Expression of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Genes and Premature p53 Activation Block B Cell Development in BMI1 Null Mice.

B cell development is a highly regulated process that requires stepwise rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes to generate a functional B cell receptor (BCR). The polycomb group protein BMI1 is required for B cell development, but its function in developing B cells remains poorly defined. We demonstrate that BMI1 functions in a cell-autonomous manner at two stages during early B cell development. First, loss of BMI1 results in a differentiation block at the pro-B cell to pre-B cell transition due to the inability of BMI1-deficient cells to transcribe newly rearranged Igh genes. Accordingly, introduction of a pre-rearranged Igh allele partially restored B cell development in Bmi1-/- mice. In addition, BMI1 is required to prevent premature p53 signaling, and as a consequence, Bmi1-/- large pre-B cells fail to properly proliferate. Altogether, our results clarify the role of BMI1 in early B cell development and uncover an unexpected function of BMI1 during VDJ recombination.

INTRODUCTION

B cell development depends on successful gene rearrangements at the immunoglobulin (Ig) loci to ensure that mature B cells express a diverse repertoire of antibodies. During this process, a VDJH joint is assembled at the Ig heavy (Igh) chain locus in pro-B cells, which, if in the correct reading frame, leads to the expression of an Igμ protein. Igμ assembles with surrogate light chains to form a surface pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR), which guides the pro-B cell to pre-B cell transition. Following signaling by the pre-BCR, pre-B cells undergo clonal expansion and subsequent rearrangement of the Ig light (IgL) chain loci. Successfully rearranged light chains assemble with an Igμ chain, forming a surface BCR, and drive the progression to immature B cells that will form the reservoir of long-lived mature B cells (Herzog et al., 2009).

The process of V(D)J recombination presents inherent risks to the organism because of the generation of double-strand breaks and subsequent non-homologous end joining of DNA fragments at the Ig loci. Thus, numerous mechanisms exist to ensure the proper generation of a clonal surface BCR on B cells while preventing deleterious events. These include the sequential rearrangement of Ig loci, with several checkpoints along the sequential development to assess rearrangement status, and the programming of developing B cells for either clonal expansion or apoptosis, depending on pre-BCR and BCR signaling cues (Melchers, 2015). While extensive work has elucidated many of these mechanisms, our understanding of the molecular pathways critical for B cell development remains fragmentary.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are a group of regulatory factors that form multimeric protein complexes and are critical for maintaining cell identity and cell proliferation by modifying chromatin structure and silencing genes (Sauvageau and Sauvageau, 2010). Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) were the earliest complexes described, although more recent work has identified both alternative and novel polycomb complexes. The core components of PRC1 consist of one member of each CBX, HPH, PCGF, and RING1 protein family, which monoubiquitinate histone H2A on lysine 119 (H2AK119), whereas the core components of PRC2 are EED, Suz12, EZH1/2, and RBBP4/7, which methylate H3K27 (Di Croce and Helin, 2013; Simon and Kingston, 2013). PRC1 and PRC2 are thought to cooperate to regulate gene expression, because PRC2 deposition of H3K27me3 recruits PRC1 through its CBX family member (Blackledge et al., 2015). However, inactivation of core PRC2 factors in mammalian cells only partially affects PRC1 recruitment to its target loci and minimally changes global H2AK119ub levels, suggesting that PRC2-independent mechanisms exist for PRC1 recruitment (Tavares et al., 2012).

Through genetic studies in the mouse, it became apparent that PcG proteins are critical for B cell lymphopoiesis. EZH2 regulates distal VH gene usage during VH-DJH recombination and prevents IgL loci rearrangement in pro-B cells (Mandal et al., 2011; Su et al., 2003). The PRC1 component BMI1, also known as PCGF4, is required for normal lymphocyte development at least partly through the repression of the Ink4/Arf locus, which encodes the two tumor suppressor proteins, p16INK4A and p19ARF (Bruggeman et al., 2005; Oguro et al., 2010). In developing T cells, BMI1 prevents premature p19ARF-mediated stabilization of p53 to promote the proliferation and survival of progenitor T cells in response to pre-T cell receptor (TCR) signaling (Miyazaki et al., 2008). However, Bmi1−/− Ink4a/Arf−/− mice still exhibit defective B cell lymphopoiesis, suggesting that BMI1 functions partly through Ink4a/Arf-independent mechanisms during B cell development (Oguro et al., 2010).

We found that BMI1 is required for pro-B cells to differentiate into pre-B cells in a cell-autonomous manner. Loss of BMI1 results in the upregulation of p53 target genes in pro-B cells, precluding the expansion of these cells at the large pre-B stage. Furthermore, expression of rearranged Igh genes and production of the Igμ chain are impaired in Bmi1−/− pro-B cells. Accordingly, introduction of a pre-rearranged Igh allele partially restored B cell development in Bmi1−/− mice. Altogether, these results identify a critical role for BMI1 in B cell development through the regulation of rearranged Igh gene expression and expansion of pre-B cells.

RESULTS

BMI1 Is Required for the Pro-B Cell to Pre-B Cell Transition

Previous studies have identified BMI1 as essential for B cell development in the mouse (Oguro et al., 2010; van der Lugt et al., 1994). However, the mechanisms that BMI1 engages to promote B cell development remain unknown. To begin to dissect the function of BMI1 in progenitor B cells, we first assessed its expression levels throughout early B cell development using data acquired through the Immunological Genome Project (Heng et al., 2008; Painter etal., 2011). Bmi1 is highly expressed in pro-B cells and large pre-B cells and is downregulated as large pre-B cells transition into small pre-B cells (Figure S1A). The expression of Cdkn2a, which encodes the tumor suppressor proteins p16INK4A and p19ARF and is repressed by BMI1, inversely correlates with Bmi1 expression at the pro-B cell to pre-B cell transition (Figure S1A). This correlation disappears in mature B cells, likely pointing to a more critical role for a Bmi1-Cdkn2a axis at the pro-B cell to pre-B cell transition. The high expression of Bmi1 and the resulting repression of Cdkn2a early in B cell development are reminiscent of what has been observed in early T cell development, in which BMI1 represses p19ARF to prevent apoptosis in proliferating DN3 T cells (Miyazaki et al., 2008). Furthermore, the inverse correlation of Bmi1 and Cdkn2a levels is consistent with studies demonstrating a modest rescue of B cell development in Bmi1−/− Ink4a/Arf−/− mice (Miyazaki et al., 2008; Oguro et al., 2010).

To further probe BMI1’s function in early B cell development, we determined the frequency and numbers of early B cell progenitors in Bmi1+/+ and Bmi1−/− mice. The bone marrow of Bmi1−/− mice was devoid of B cells, correlating with the accumulation of pro-B cells and their failure to differentiate into pre-B cells (Figures 1A and 1B; Figure S1B). The differentiation block at the pro-B cell to pre-B cell transition resulted in drastically fewer mature B cells in the peripheral blood and spleen of Bmi1−/− mice and a corresponding increase in the frequency of CD11b+ myeloid cells (Figures 1C and 1D). Consistent with previous reports (van der Lugt et al., 1994), we observed a drastic reduction in the cellularity of various hematopoietic organs of Bmi1−/− mice as a consequence of the overall reduction in lymphocyte numbers (Figure S1C).

Figure 1.

BMI1 Is Required for the Pro-B Cell to Pre-B Cell Transition

(A) Representative fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) plots of developing B cells in the bone marrow of indicated mice. Shown is the frequency of each cell population in the bone marrow of indicated animals. Pro-B: B220+ CD19+ IgM− IgD− ckit+ CD25−. Pre-B: B220+ CD19+ IgM− IgD− ckit+ CD25−. Immature: B220+ CD19+ IgM+ IgD−. Mature: B220+ CD19+ IgM+ IgD+.

(B) Frequency of indicated cell populations in the bone marrow of animals. Each point represents one animal; the line represents the mean. n = 6 for each genotype.

(C) Frequency of indicated cell type in the peripheral blood of indicated animals. Each point represents one animal; the line represents the mean. n = 6 for Bmi1+/+ animals; n = 5 for Bmi1−/− animals.

(D) Frequency of B220+ cells in the spleens of indicated mice. Each point represents one animal; the line represents the mean. n = 4 for Bmi1+/+ animals; n = 7 for Bmi1−/− animals.

***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01. BM, bone marrow; PB, peripheral blood.

See also Figure S1.

Reduced Igμ Chain Expression in Bmi1−/− Pro-B Cells

The pro-B cell to pre-B cell transition and subsequent expansion of large pre-B cells depend on the successful rearrangement of the Igh locus, the expression of Igm chain, the assembly of a pre-BCR on the surface of the cell, and signaling downstream of the pre-BCR. Failure in any of these steps will impair pro-B cell to pre-B cell differentiation (Herzog et al., 2009). We therefore determined whether BMI1 was required for the expression of Igμ chain in pro-B cells. By intracellular flow cytometry analysis, we observed a decrease in the frequency of pro-B cells expressing Igμ chain in Bmi1−/− mice to about half of the levels observed in Bmi1+/+ mice (Figure 2A). In addition, we observed a decrease in the median Igμ fluorescence intensity in Igμ-expressing pro-B cells from Bmi1−/− mice (Figure 2B).

Figure 2.

BMI1 Is Required for the Expression of Rearranged Igh Genes in Pro-B Cells

(A) Representative FACS plot and quantification of Igμ chain-positive pro-B cells in Bmi1+/+ and Bmi1−/− mice. Each point represents one animal; the line represents the mean. n = 4 for Bmi1+/+ animals; n = 5 for Bmi1−/− animals.

(B) Igμ MFI in Igμ-expressing pro-B cells. Each dot represents one animal; the line represents the mean. n = 4 for Bmi1+/+ animals; n = 5 for Bmi1−/− animals.

(C) Semiquantitative PCR analysis of genomic DNA from sorted Bmi1+/+ and Bmi1−/− pro-B cells assessing the frequency of Igh locus rearrangement using either proximal (VH7183) or distal (VHJ558) VH gene segments. DNA from DP T was used as a negative control.

(D) Frequency of proximal and distal VH segments used in individually sequenced VDJH coding joints from sorted pro-B cells. VDJH joints were amplified using a promiscuous forward primer (MsVHe) and a reverse primer specific to JH3. n = 37 VDJH sequences for Bmi1+/+ pro-B cells, and n = 48 VDJH sequences for Bmi1−/− pro-B cells sorted from 3 animals for each genotype.

(E) qRT-PCR analysis of mRNA expression of rearranged Igh genes. DP T were used as negative controls. Data are shown as a Tukey box-and-whisker plot; the center line represents the median. n ≥ 5 for each genotype.

***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. MFI, median fluorescence intensity; DP T, double-positive thymocytes.

See also Figure S2.

BMI1 Is Dispensable for VDJH Recombination but Required for Rearranged Igh Gene Expression in Pro-B Cells

We next determined the basis for the reduction in Igμ chain expression in Bmi1−/− pro-B cells. This reduction could result from inefficient VDJH recombination and/or failure to express rearranged Igh genes. To assess whether BMI1 inactivation alters VDJH recombination, we determined the frequency of rearrangement for two VH gene families, VH7183 and VHJ558, in Bmi1+/+ and Bmi1−/− pro-B cells. The VH7183 gene family is the most proximal VH family and the VHJ558 family is the most distal VH family to DJH genes (Figure S2A). Because the PRC2 component EZH2 is required for distal VH gene usage (Su et al., 2003), we tested whether BMI1 similarly enabled distal VH gene usage. On genomic DNA isolated from pro-B cells, we performed semiquantitative PCR using degenerative forward primers that amplify either VH7183 genes or VHJ558 genes and a reverse primer specific to the JH3 gene. Bmi1−/− pro-B cells and their wild-type counterparts contained comparable levels of DNA that had recombined either VH7183 or VHJ558 genes with DJH genes (Figure 2C). In addition, we isolated and sequenced individual VDJH joints from Bmi1+/+ and Bmi1−/− pro-B cells using a promiscuous forward primer that amplifies various genes across all VH families. Again, we observed no difference in the ratio of proximal to distal VH gene usage between Bmi1+/+ and Bmi1−/− pro-B cells, supporting the conclusion that BMI1 is not required for VDJH recombination in pro-B cells (Figure 2D).

In contrast, when we assessed the expression levels of rearranged Igh genes, we observed a drastic reduction in the expression levels of all VH family genes tested in Bmi1−/− pro-B cells, consistent with a combined decreased frequency of Bmi1−/− pro-B cells expressing Igm and decreased Igμ protein levels in Igμ-expressing Bmi1−/− pro-B cells (Figure 2E). The decrease in rearranged Igh gene expression was not the result of a generic reduction in expression at the Igh locus, because we detected no difference in the expression of DH-Cu transcripts (Figure 2E). Altogether, these data support a model in which BMI1 is dispensable for VDJH recombination but is critical for expression of recently rearranged VDJH genes in pro-B cells.

BMI1 Is Not Required for Igh Germline Transcription or Igh Contraction

PRC1 has been shown to regulate high-order chromatin architecture (Simon and Kingston, 2013). For RAG complexes to access VH genes and initiate recombination, the surrounding chromatin needs to be accessible (Ebert et al., 2013; Fuxa et al., 2004). The transcription of Igh genes in germline configuration (germline transcription) has been hypothesized to be critical for RAG accessibility to these genes (Yancopoulos and Alt, 1985). We therefore first assessed whether BMI1 loss altered the ability of the germline Igh loci to be transcribed in pro-B cells as a surrogate assay for chromatin accessibility. However, we did not observe differences in germline transcription for either VH7183 or VHJ558 gene families between Bmi1+/+ and Bmi1−/− pro-B cells (Figure S2B). Because we observed that BMI1 modulates the expression of recombined Igh genes in pro-B cells, and given the impact of chromatin architecture on Igh recombination (Roldán et al., 2005), we next assessed the impact of BMI1 on high-order organization of the Igh loci. With 3D microscopy, we determined whether BMI1 is required for Igh contraction by using DNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes against the 5′ Igh (distal) and 3′ Igh (proximal) regions. Consistent with our finding that Bmi1−/− pro-B cells efficiently use both proximal and distal VH gene families during VH-DJH joining, the contraction of the Igh locus in pro-B cells was not affected by the absence of BMI1 (Figure S2C).

A Pre-rearranged Igh Allele Restores B Cell Development in Bmi1−/− Mice

We postulated that if the process of VDJH recombination at the Igh locus affects the expression of rearranged Igh genes in Bmi1−/− pro-B cells and is responsible for the differentiation block of developing B cells in Bmi1−/− mice, the introduction of a pre-rearranged VDJh allele would rescue B cell development. To test this, we generated Bmi1+/+ and Bmi1−/− mice carrying a recombined VDJH element inserted into the endogenous J locus (B1.8i) (Sonoda et al., 1997). Consistent with our hypothesis, introduction of the B1.8i allele largely restored B cell development to Bmi1−/− animals (Figures 3A–3C; Figure S3). The frequencies of immature, mature, and splenic B cells in Bmi1−/− B1.8+ mice were comparable to that of Bmi1+/+ mice (Figures 3A–3C). Total numbers of Bmi1−/− B1.8+ B cells, while still decreased compared to those of Bmi1+/+ animals, were drastically increased compared to those of Bmi1−/− animals (Figure S3). Moreover, when we assessed Igμ expression in pro-B cells, we found that the B1.8 allele increased the frequency of Bmi1−/− pro-B cells expressing Igμ and restored Igμ protein levels in Igμ-expressing Bmi1−/− pro-B cells (Figure 3D). Altogether, these data demonstrate that bypassing VDJh recombination enables Bmi1−/− pro-B cells to express Igμ and subsequently differentiate.

Figure 3.

A pre-rearranged Igh Locus Restores B Cell Development to Bmi1−/− Mice

(A) Representative FACS plot of developing B cells in the bone marrow of indicated mice. Shown is the frequency of each cell population in the bone marrow of indicated animals.

(B) Frequency of indicated cell type in the bone marrow of indicated mice. Data are shown as a Tukey box-and-whisker plot; the center line represents the median. n ≥ 5 for each genotype.

(C) Frequency of B220+ cells in the spleen of indicated mice. Each point represents one animal; the line represents the mean. n ≥ 5 for each genotype.

(D) Histogram showing the frequency of Igμ-positive pro-B cells from indicated animals. Igμ MFI in Igμ-expressing pro-B cells is indicated in the top right of each plot.

***p < 0.001, *p < 0.05. BM, bone marrow; MFI, median fluorescence intensity.

See also Figure S3.

BMI1 Loss Results in the Upregulation of p53 Signaling in Pro-B Cells

Although expression of a pre-rearranged Igh locus partially rescues B cell development in Bmi1−/− mice, Bmi1−/− B1.8i+ bone marrow still contains lower frequencies and numbers of pre-B cells compared to wild-type mice (Figure 3; Figure S3). We therefore sought to identify additional mechanisms engaged by BMI1 that control the pro-B cell to pre-B cell transition in developing B cells. We assessed the expression levels of the B cell transcription factors Pax5 and Ebf1, because BMI1 regulates their expression in early progenitors before lymphoid commitment (Oguro et al., 2010), but we found no difference in their expression between Bmi1−/− pro-B cells and their wild-type counterparts (Figure S4A). To uncover other altered pathways, we sorted pro-B cells from Bmi1+/+ and Bmi1−/− mice and performed genome-wide expression analysis. Using a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05 as a cutoff for significance, we identified 122 upregulated transcripts and 165 downregulated transcripts in Bmi1−/− pro-B cells compared to Bmi1+/+ pro-B cells (Table S1). Numerous p53 targets, including Bbc3, Pmaip1, Phlda3, and Cdkn1a, were found among the upregulated transcripts in Bmi1−/− pro-B cells (Figure 4A; Table S1). Consistent with this observation, gene ontology analysis of upregulated genes in Bmi1−/− pro-B cells showed enrichment for pathways associated with apoptosis, proliferation, DNAdamage, and p53 signaling (Figure S4B). Similarly, the p53 pathway was enriched in Bmi1−/− pro-B cells when analyzed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) (Figure S4C). As expected, p19 expression was drastically upregulated in Bmi1−/− pro-B cells, demonstrating de-repression of the Ink4a/Arf locus, and we confirmed the upregulation of specific p53 target genes, including Bbc3, Pmaip1, Phlda3, and Cdkn1a, in Bmi1−/− pro-B cells from independent animals (Figure 4B). We did not detect changes in Trp53 transcript levels, suggesting BMI1-dependent post-transcriptional regulation of p53 activity (Figure 4B). Together with previous work demonstrating that deletion of p19 partially restores B cell development to Bmi1−/− mice (Akala et al., 2008; Miyazaki et al., 2008; Oguro et al., 2006) and our analysis of the expression of Bmi1 and Ckdn2a in progenitor B cells (Figure S1A), these findings are consistent with a role for BMI1 in preventing p53 signaling through the repression of the Ink4a/Arf locus in developing pro-B cells.

Figure 4.

BMI1 Prevents the Upregulation of p53 Signaling and Maintains Large Pre-B Cell Cycling

(A) RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) MA (log ratio and mean average) plot of Bmi1+/+ versus Bmi1−/− pro-B cells. Known targets of p53 are depicted in red.

(B) qRT-PCR expression analysis of indicated genes from sorted pro-B cells of indicated mice. Each point represents one animal; the line represents the mean. n = 4 for Bmi1+/+ animals; n = 5 for Bmi1−/− animals.

(C) Frequency of apoptotic (as indicated by annexin V positivity) pro-B cells and pre-B cells of indicated mice. Each point represents one animal; the line represents the mean. n = 5 for each genotype.

(D) Frequency of large pre-B cells present in the pre-B cell compartment of indicated mice. Each point represents one animal; the line represents the mean. n = 6 for each genotype.

(E) FACS plot of developing B cells in the bone marrow of indicated mice. Shown is the frequency of each cell population in the bone marrow of indicated animals. Representative of 3 independent experiments.

(F) Frequency of B220+ cells in the spleen and peripheral blood of indicated mice. Each point represents one animal; the line represents the mean. n = 3 for each genotype.

***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. PB, peripheral blood.

See also Figure S4 and Table S1.

p53 signaling generally results in either apoptosis or cell-cycle arrest (Kruse and Gu, 2009). In progenitor T cells, BMI1 prevents apoptosis through the inhibition of the p19ARF-p53 pathway (Miyazaki et al., 2008). Therefore, we first tested whether increased apoptosis was occurring in developing Bmi1−/− B cells. However, we did not observe differences in the frequency of annexin V-positive pro-B cells or pre-B cells in Bmi1−/− mice compared to wild-type counterparts (Figure 4C). Following successful VDJh recombination, signaling through the pre-BCR provides survival cues and promotes the proliferation of large pre-B cells. Following this proliferative burst, pre-B cells become quiescent, differentiate into small pre-B cells, and subsequently rearrange their IgL loci (Herzog et al., 2009). Therefore, we assessed whether the increased p53 signaling prevented the capacity of Bmi1−/− large pre-B cells to clonally expand. Large and small pre-B cells can be distinguished by gating on forward scatter within the pre-B cell population. Using this strategy, we observed that Bmi1−/− mice have a drastically lower proportion of large pre-B cells in their pre-B cell compartment (Figure 4D). Moreover, the frequency of proliferating cells, as assessed either by DNA content or by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, in the pre-B cell compartment was decreased in Bmi1−/− animals (Figures S4D and S4E). We subsequently hypothesized that Bmi1−/− B1.8+ mice may still exhibit decreased pre-B cells numbers (Figure 3; Figure S3) due to their inability to clonally expand. Consistent with this hypothesis, there was a comparable reduction both in the proportion of large pre-B cells in the pre-B cell compartment and in the frequency of BrdU-positive pre-B cells between Bmi1−/− mice and Bmi1−/− B1.8+ mice (Figures S4F and S4G).

Finally, to demonstrate that BMI1 functions upstream of p53 to prevent B cell development, we generated a cohort of animals (p53 Bmi1+/+, p53 Bmi1+/+ Mx1-cre, p53−/− and p53 Bmi1−/− Mx1-cre, hereafter referred to as p53 Bmi1+/+, p53 Bmi1+/+, p53 Bmi1−/−, and p53 Bmi1−/−), in which p53 was acutely deleted following serial injections of poly(I:C). We found that acute p53 deletion partially restored the pro-B cell to pre-B cell transition and the frequency of mature B cells in the periphery in Bmi1−/− mice (Figures 4E and 4F). Altogether, these data demonstrate that aberrant p53 signaling caused by BMI1 loss prevents the clonal expansion of large pre-B cells.

BMI1 Is Required for the Pro-B Cell to Pre-B Cell Transition in a Cell-Autonomous Manner

It has previously been postulated that the microenvironment of Bmi1−/− mice is defective in supporting B cell lymphopoiesis (Oguro et al., 2010). To test whether the defects observed in Bmi1−/− mice reflected non-cell-autonomous effects of BMI1 on developing B cells, we generated animals in which Bmi1 is deleted selectively in pro-B cells and their progeny, using the Mb1-cre transgene (Hobeika et al., 2006). We confirmed efficient deletion of Bmi1 and the resulting increased expression of the BMI1-target gene p19 in pro-B cells sorted from Bmi1 Mb1-cre mice (Figure 5A). Bmi1 Mb1-cre mice presented with reduced total cell numbers in their bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood and a roughly 2-fold reduction in the frequency of B cells in the bone marrow (Figures S5A and S5B). Consistent with our observations in Bmi1−/− mice, cell-autonomous BMI1 loss impaired the pro-B cell to pre-B cell transition, as evidenced by the increased frequency of pro-B cells and the decreased frequency of pre-B cells, in the bone marrow of Bmi1 Mb1-cre mice (Figures 5B and 5C). In addition, we observed a reduction in the frequency of B cells in the peripheral tissues of Bmi1 Mb1-cre mice (Figure 5D). The fraction of pro-B cells expressing intracellular Igμ chain was reduced in Bmi1 Mb1-cre mice (Figure 5E), consistent with the decreased expression of rearranged Igh genes (Figure 5F). Again, we observed no difference in the expression of Pax5 or Ebf1 in Bmi1 Mb1-cre pro-B cells (Figure S5C), but we did observe higher levels of p53 target genes (Figure 5G). Finally, subsequent deletion of p53 alleviated the pro-B cell to pre-B cell differentiation block and largely restored the frequency of mature B cells in the periphery to Bmi1 Mb1-cre mice (Figures 5H and 5I; Figure S5D). Altogether, these data demonstrate that the defects in B cell differentiation observed in Bmi1−/− mice are largely recapitulated by cell-autonomous loss of BMI1.

Figure 5.

BMI1 Regulates the Pro-B Cell to Pre-B Cell Transition in a Cell-Autonomous Manner

(A) mRNA expression levels as determined by qRT-PCR of indicated genes from pro-B cells of indicated mice. Each point represents one animal; the line represents the mean. n = 3 for each genotype.

(B) Representative FACS plot of developing B cells in the bone marrow of indicated mice. Shown is the frequency of each cell population in the bone marrow of indicated animals.

(C) Frequency of developing B cells in the bone marrow of indicated mice. Each point represents one animal; the line represents the mean. n = 5 for Bmi1 animals; n = 6 for Bmi1 Mb1-cre animals.

(D) Frequency of B220+ cells in the spleen and peripheral blood of indicated mice. Each point represents one animal; the line represents the mean. n = 4 for Bmi1 animals; n = 6 for Bmi1 Mb1-cre animals.

(E) Frequency of Igμ-positive pro-B cells in indicated mice. Each point represents one animal; the line represents the mean. n = 5 for Bmi1 animals; n = 6 for Bmi1 Mb1-cre animals.

(F) qRT-PCR analysis of gene expression of rearranged Igh genes in indicated mice. Data are shown as a box-and-whisker plot, with whiskers showing minimum and maximum values; the center line represents the median. n = 6 for each genotype.

(G) qRT-PCR expression analysis of indicated genes from sorted pro-B cells from indicated mice. Data are shown as a box-and-whisker plot, with whiskers showing minimum and maximum values; the center line represents the median. n = 6 for each genotype.

(H) Ratio of the frequency of pro-B cells to pre-B cells in the bone marrow of indicated mice. Data represent mean ± SEM; n = 3 for each genotype.

(I) Frequency of B220+ cells in the spleen and peripheral blood of indicated mice. Data represent mean ± SEM; n = 3 for each genotype.

**p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. BM, bone marrow; PB, peripheral blood.

See also Figure S5.

DISCUSSION

Prior studies have shown that BMI1 is critical for developing lymphocytes; however, the molecular pathways BMI1 engages to promote B cell development have remained poorly defined, and whether the role of BMI1 in B cell development was cell intrinsic remained to be elucidated (Akala et al., 2008; Oguro et al., 2010; van der Lugt et al., 1994). Our analysis identified a cell-autonomous role for BMI1 at two stages during early B cell development. Specifically, BMI1 promotes the expression of rearranged Igh genes in pro-B cells and enables large pre-B cell proliferation following pre-BCR signaling through its inhibition of p53 signaling.

In adult stem cells, PRC1 directly binds to and compacts the Ink4a/Arf locus, thus repressing the expression of the cell-cycle inhibitors p16INK4A and p19ARF and maintaining stem cell self-renewal capacity (Jacobs et al., 1999; Lessard and Sauvageau, 2003; Molofsky et al., 2003; Park et al., 2003). In BMI1 null mice, the failure to develop mature lymphocytes is due to increased expression of p19ARF, but not increased expression of p16INK4A, as demonstrated by genetic studies in mice (Akala et al.,2008). In support of this observation, loss of BMI1 in developing thymocytes results in the upregulation of p19ARF and the premature stabilization of p53, preventing DN3 T cell proliferation downstream of pre-TCR signaling (Miyazaki et al., 2008). In agreement with these studies, we found that in developing B cells, the expression level of Bmi1 is high in proliferating pro-B cells and large pre-B cells and subsequently downregulated in quiescent small pre-B cells and immature B cells. Moreover, loss of BMI1 resulted in the increased expression of p53 target genes in pro-B cells and prevented large pre-B cell expansion following pre-BCR signaling. Our data indicating that genetic inactivation of p53 restored B cell development in Bmi1−/− mice, with previous studies showing a partial rescue of peripheral B cells in Bmi1−/− p19 double-knockout mice, support a model whereby BMI1 repression of p19 is critical to prevent the stabilization of p53 and premature cell-cycle withdrawal of cycling pre-B lymphocytes.

Past studies had demonstrated that genetic inaction of the Ink4a/Arf locus only partially restores B cell development to BMI1 null mice (Oguro et al., 2010). These observations suggested that BMI1 functioned through unknown Ink4a/Arf-independent mechanisms to promote B cell development. It was initially postulated that this may be through non-cell-autonomous pathways, because transplantation studies suggested the bone marrow of Bmi1−/− mice was defective at supporting B cell development (Oguro et al., 2010). We found that in Bmi1−/− mice, developing B cells fail to progress through the pro-B cell to pre-B cell transition due to the failure of pro-B cells to express rearranged Igh genes. Accordingly, the introduction of a pre-rearranged Igh locus largely restored B cell development to BMI1 null mice. The pre-rearranged Igh allele did not restore the ability of Bmi1−/− large pre-B cells to clonally expand, highlighting the two distinct roles BMI1 plays during early B cell development. Finally, we recapitulated the B cell defects observed in Bmi1−/− mice using a pro-B cell-specific Cre transgene, indicating that cell-autonomous mechanisms of BMI1 in progenitor B cells are sufficient to explain the B cell phenotypes observed in BMI1 null mice.

The exact mechanism BMI1 engages to promote the expression of rearranged Igh genes remains unclear. The identification that PRC1 is recruited to sites of double-strand breaks (DSBs) and is required for their efficient repair in vitro suggests that a similar process may occur during VDJH recombination (Facchino et al., 2010; Ginjala et al., 2011; Ismail et al., 2010). Moreover, BMI1 associates with and recruits factors known to be critical for repair of VDJH joints, such as ATM, KU70, and 53BP1, to sites of DSBs (Facchino et al., 2010; Pan et al., 2011; Ui et al., 2015). However, our data demonstrate that BMI1 is not required for VDJHrecombination. In addition, we did not observe an increased frequency of γH2A.X foci at the Igh locus in Bmi1−/− pro-B cells (data not shown). These differences may stem from the fact that BMI1 is not absolutley required but instead increases the efficiency of DSB resolution, coupled with the higher-sensitivity assays used to detect DSBs in the absence of BMI1 in vitro (Facchino et al., 2010; Ismail et al., 2010; Pan et al., 2011). Alternatively, BMI1 may function downstream of DSB repair to enable to expression of recently damaged loci. Immediately following the generation of DSBs, BMI1 is required to prevent premature transcription of damaged genes through the deposition of H2AK119ub and the inhibition of both the FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) histone chaperone complex and RNA polymerase II elongation (Sanchez et al., 2016; Ui et al., 2015). In the wake of this temporal transcriptional silencing, new uniquely marked histones, such as H3.3, are deposited. The deposition of H3.3 primes recently damaged chromatin and is required for transcription restart (Adam et al., 2013). Another study demonstrated that FACT-mediated histone exchange was required for transcription restart following UV damage (Dinant et al., 2013). However, no studies have demonstrated what happens to transcription restart at sites of DSBs if the initial transcriptional repression does not occur. It is therefore possible that BMI1-dependent transcriptional silencing following the generation of DSBs is required to permit the proper turnover of histones and subsequent re-expression of repaired genes, in this case the recently rearranged Igh genes.

BMI1 is overexpressed in several hematologic malignancies, and its upregulation predicts poor prognosis in pediatric B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), the most common cancer in children (Peng et al., 2017; Sahasrabuddhe, 2016). Work has shown that pre-BCR and downstream signaling promote the aggressiveness of certain subtypes of B-ALL and can be targeted to eliminate human and mouse B-ALL cells (Eswaran et al., 2015; Feldhahn et al., 2005; Geng et al., 2015; Rickert, 2013). It is therefore tempting to speculate that increased BMI1 expression promotes the inappropriate proliferation of B-ALL cells downstream of pre-BCR signaling in a process analogous to what we observed in normal developing B cells. If so, BMI1-dependent signaling might present a novel therapeutic approach to target B-ALL cell growth. Along these lines, a chemical inhibitor specific to BMI1 was identified and well tolerated in mice (Kreso et al., 2014). Moreover, the inhibitor has been shown to be effective in various cancer cells (Kreso et al., 2014; Yong et al., 2016).

Our study clarifies the function of BMI1 in early B cell development, revealing a critical role for BMI1 for the expression of rearranged Igh genes in pro-B cells and the clonal expansion of large pre-B cells, and adds to the expanding range of BMI1’s function in vivo.

STAR★METHODS

CONTACT FOR REAGENT AND RESOURCE SHARING

Further information and requests for resources and reagents should be directed to and will be fulfilled by the Lead Contact, Gregory David (Gregory.David@nyulangone.org).

EXPERIMENTAL MODEL AND SUBJECT DETAILS

Mx1-Cre, Bmi1, Mb1-cre, and p53 mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory and have been described (Hobeika et al., 2006; Kühn et al., 1995; Marino et al., 2000; Maynard et al., 2014). Bmi1+/− mice were a kind gift from Maarten van Lohuizen and have been described (van der Lugt et al., 1994). B1.8i mice were a kind gift from Klaus Rajewsky and have been described (Sonoda et al., 1997). Animals were housed in specific pathogen-free conditions at the Skirball Animal Facility. Aged matched controls were used for Bmi1 germline mutant mice whereas littermate controls were used for Bmi1 Mb1-cre mice. Female and male mice were used depending on availability. All mice were analyzed at 4-8 weeks of age. All animal experiments were done in accordance with the guidelines of the NYU School of Medicine Institutional Animal Care and Use Facility.

METHOD DETAILS

Mouse treatment

For induction of Cre-mediated deletion of loxP-flanked p53 alleles in the Bmi1 p53 Mx1-Cre animal cohort, poly(I:C) (InvivoGen) was administered by i.p. injection at 5μg kg−1 in PBS for 3 injections on alternating days at 3 weeks of age. Animals were analyzed two weeks following the last poly(I:C) injection.

Flow cytometry analysis and cell sorting

Single cell suspensions were derived from bone marrow (femur and tibia of both hind legs), spleen, thymus, and peripheral blood. Red blood cells were lysed with ACK lysis buffer. Cell counts were determined using a cell counter (Beckman Coulter) set to detect nuclei between 3.5uM and 10uM or manually with a hemocytometer. All cells were blocked with purified rat IgG (20ug ml−1) for 15 min on ice prior to antibody staining. The following antibodies were used for analysis (from Biolegend): anti-B220 (RA3-6B2), anti-CD19 (6D5), anti-CD4 (RM4-5), anti-CD8 (53-6.7), anti-CD11b (M1-70), anti-Gr1 (RB6-8C5), anti-TER119 (TER119), anti-CD25 (PC61), anti-IgM (RMM-1), anti-IgD (11-26c.2a), and anti-ckit (2B8). Cells were stained with primary antibodies for 30 min on ice. For intracellular staining of Igμ chain, cells were first stained for surface markers followed by fixation and permeabilization with BD Cytofix/Cytoperm for 30 min at room temperature. Cells were then incubated with an Igμ specific Fab fragment (Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 45 min on ice. PI (1ug ml−1), DAPI (500ng ml−1), 7aad (1ug ml−1), or Zombie fixable dye was added following staining for the exclusion of dead cells. Cells were identified based on the cell-surface phenotypes described in Table S2. Cells were analyzed on a LSRII (BD Biosciences) or sorted on an AriaI or AriaII (BD Biosciences). Data were analyzed with FlowJo software (FlowJo, LLC).

RNA-sequencing

RNA was isolated from FACS purified pro-B cells. RNA was harvested from 2 biological replicates using the RNeasy Micro Kit (QIAGEN). RNA quantification and quality was determined using an Aglient 1200 Bioanalyzer. Strand-specific libraries were prepared using the SMARTer low-input RNA kit. Libraries were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq2500 using 50bp paired-end reads. Fastq files were aligned to mm9 using TopHat. Differential expression tests were done using the Cuffdiff module of Cufflinks against the Refseq annotation. We used an FDR < 0.05 as a cutoff for significance. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed using log2 fold change as metric for ranking genes and 1,000 permutations. Gene sets used in this study were identified from the Molecular Signatures Database (Curated v5.0 and Hallmarks v5.0).

Cell cycle analysis

For cell cycle analysis of pre-B cells, cells were stained for surface markers, fixed and permeabilized with BD Cytofix/Cytoperm for 30 min at room temperature, and incubated with DAPI (10μg ml−1) and RNaseA(50μg ml−1) for 30 min at room temperature. For BrdU incorporation analysis of pre-B cells, mice were i.p. injected with 1mg BrdU and sacrificed 2 hr later. Cells were stained for surface markers and analyzed for BrdU incorporation as described using the BD PharMingen BrdU Flow Kit. Apoptotic cells were detected using the Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit (Biolegend) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

RT-qPCR analysis

RNA from sorted cell populations was isolated using the RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN). Prior to reverse transcription, RNA was incubated with DNase I (Promega). RNA was subsequently converted into cDNA using either M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega) or Maxima reverse transcriptase (Thermo Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, using an equal mix of oligo dT and random hexamers as primers. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed on a Bio-rad iCycler using Maxima SYBR Green master mix (Thermo Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. No-RT controls were included to ensure no genomic DNA contamination was present. All values were normalized to Hprt levels using the ΔCt method. RT-PCR primer pairs are shown in Table S3.

Semiquantitative PCR analysis of VDJH joints

Genomic DNA from sorted cell populations was isolated using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit (QIAGEN). Igh rearrangements were amplified as previously described (Fuxa et al., 2004). Briefly, serial dilutions of genomic DNA were amplified using a forward primer specific to either the DH, the VH7183 family, or the VHJ558 family and a reverse primer specific to JH3. Primers specific to Cμ were used as a loading control. PCRs were run in the linear range and products were run on a 1.25% agarose gel. Primer pairs are shown in Table S4.

Sub-clonal sequencing of VDJH joints

Genomic DNA from sorted pro-B cells was isolated using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit (QIAGEN). Igh rearrangements were amplified using a promiscuous forward primer (MsVHe) (5′-GGGAATTCGAGGTGCAGCTGCAGGAGTCTGG-3′) that binds to genes within all VH families and a reverse primer specific to JH3 (5′-GTCTAGATTCTCACAAGAGTCCGATAG ACCCTGG-3′). A high fidelity polymerase (Roche) was used to minimize point mutations during PCR amplification. The amplified product was run on a 1% agarose gel and the expected band size (~450bp) was excised and purified. The purified DNA product was inserted into the pGEM-T easy vector (Promega) according to the manufacturers instructions. Subcloned DNA was column purified (QIAGEN) and sequenced using T7 primer (Macrogen). VDJH sequences were analyzed using the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s IgBlast program.

DNA FISH

DNA FISH was performed with the probes BACs CT7-199M11 (3’ Igh) and CT7-526A21 (5’ Igh) labeled by nick translation. For each 22×22 mm coverslip, 1 μg of labeled BAC DNA, 10 μg of sheared salmon sperm DNA and 1 μg of Cot-1 (Life Technologies) were precipitated and resuspended in 16 μL of hybridization buffer (50% formamide/20% dextran sulfate/5X denhardt’s solution). DNA FISH was carried out as previously described (Chaumeil et al., 2008). Briefly, cells were adhered to poly-L-lysine coated coverslips for 10 min, fixed for 10 min at 22°C with 2% (wt/vol) paraformaldehyde/PBS and permeabilized for 10 min with 0.5% (vol/vol) Triton/ PBS. Coverslips were incubated with RNaseA (0.1 mg/ml in PBS, 30 min at 37°C), then re-permeabilized for 10 min at 0°C in 0.7% (vol/vol) Triton X-100 / 0.1 M HCl. Cells were then placed in 50% formamide/2XSSC for 1 hr at 22°C. Coverslips and resuspended probes were then placed at 75°C for 2 min, before probes were applied to coverslips, sealed onto slides with rubber cement, followed by incubation overnight at 37°C. Cells were then washed two times with 50%formamide/2xSSC at 42°C, two times with 2xSSC at 42°C and 1xSSC at 42°C, for 5 min each and were mounted in Prolong Gold (Life Technologies) containing 1.5 μg/ml DAPI.

Confocal microscopy and analysis

DNA FISH was imaged by confocal microscopy on a Leica SP5 AOBS system (Acousto-Optical Beam Splitter). Optical sections separated by 0.3 μm were collected and only cells with signals from both alleles were analyzed using ImageJ software (NIH). For distance measurements in DNA FISH, ImageJ was used to measure the center of mass of each focus and calculate intralocus distances.

QUANTIFICATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired Student’s two-tailed t test. Differences in the distribution of intralocus distance between the 5’ and 3’ Igh FISH probes was compared using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. All experiments were performed in the number of biological replicates mentioned as n in the figure legends or shown as individual points in figures. N represents individual sequences for pro-B cell subclonal VDJH joint sequencing, individual cells for DNA FISH assessing Igh contraction, and individual animals for all other experiments. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software.

DATA AND SOFTWARE AVAILABILITY

RNA-sequencing data were deposited at GEO and is available under accession GEO: GSE119422.

KEY RESOURCES TABLE

REAGENT or RESOURCE	SOURCE	IDENTIFIER
Antibodies
Rat anti-mouse B220 – APCCy7 (clone: RA3-6B2)	Biolegend	Cat#103223; RRID: AB_313006
Rat anti-mouse CD19 – Pacific Blue (clone: 6D5)	Biolegend	Cat#115526; RRID: AB_493341
Rat anti-mouse ckit – APC (clone: 2B8)	Biolegend	Cat#105805; RRID: AB_313214
Rat anti-mouse CD25 – PE (clone: PC61)	Biolegend	Cat#102007; RRID: AB_312856
Rat anti-mouse IgM – PECy7 (clone: RMM-1)	Biolegend	Cat#406513; RRID: AB_10640069
Rat anti-mouse IgD – PerCP5.5 (clone: 11-26c.2a)	Biolegend	Cat#405709; RRID: AB_1575115
Rat anti-mouse CD4 – FITC (clone: RM4-5)	Biolegend
Rat anti-mouse CD8 – APCCy7 (clone: 53-6.7)	Biolegend	Cat#100713; RRID: AB_312752
Rat anti-mouse B220 – Pacific Blue (clone: RA3-6B2)	Biolegend	Cat#103230; RRID: AB_492877
Rat anti-mouse Gr1 – PE (clone: RB6-8C5)	Biolegend	Cat#108407; RRID: AB_313372
Rat anti-mouse TER119 – PerCP (clone: TER119)	Biolegend	Cat#116225; RRID: AB_893637
Rat anti-mouse CD11b – PECy7 (clone: M1-70)	Biolegend	Cat#101215; RRID: AB_312798
AffiniPure Fab Fragment Goat anti-mouse IgM, μ chain specific – FITC	Jackson ImmunoResearch	Cat#115-097-020; RRID: AB_2338618
IgG from rat serum	Sigma Aldrich	Cat#I4131; RRID: AB_1163627
Bacterial and Virus Strains
NEB 5-alpha competent E. coli	New England Biolabs	Cat#C2987I
Chemicals, Peptides, and Recombinant Proteins
DAPI	Sigma Aldrich	Cat#32670; CAS#28718-90-3
Critical Commercial Assays
FITC BrdU Flow Kit	BD Biosciences	Cat#559619; RRID: AB_2617060
FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit	Biolegend	Cat#640932
Deposited Data
Pro-B cell RNA-sequencing data	This paper	GEO: GSE119422
Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains
Mouse: Bmi1+/−: FVB.129P2-Bmi1tm1Brn/MvlJ	Maarten van Lohuizen (van der Lugt et al., 1994)	JAX: 024584
Mouse: B1.8+: B6.129P2(C)-Ightm2Cgn/J	Klaus Rajewsky (Sonoda et al., 1997)	JAX: 012642
Mouse: p53F/+: B6.129P2-Trp53tm1Brn/J	The Jackson Laboratory	JAX: 008462
Mouse: Mx1-cre: B6.Cg-Tg(Mx1-cre)1Cgn/J	The Jackson Laboratory	JAX: 003556
Mouse: Bmi1F/+: Bmi1tm1.1Lees/J	The Jackson Laboratory	JAX: 028572
Mouse: mb1-cre: B6.C(Cg)-Cd79atm1(cre)Reth/EhobJ	The Jackson Laboratory	JAX: 020505
Oligonucleotides
mRNA expression RT-PCR primer pairs, see Table S3	This paper	N/A
Primer pairs for analysis of VDJH joints, see Table S4	This paper	N/A
Software and Algorithms
FlowJo	FlowJo, LLC	https://www.flowjo.com
Prism	Graphpad	https://www.graphpad.com
ImageJ	NIH	https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/
NCBI IgBlast	NIH	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/igblast/
Other
Poly(I:C)	InvivoGen	Cat#tlrl-picw
BD Cytofix/Cytoperm	BD Biosciences	Cat#554714
Zoombie UV Fixable Viability Dye	Biolegend	Cat#423107
Propidium Iodide Staining Solution	BD Biosciences	Cat#556463
M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase	Promega	Cat#M1701
Maxima Reverse Transcriptase	Thermo Scientific	Cat#EP0741
Maxima SYBR Green Master Mix	Thermo Scientific	Cat#K0241
Roche Expand High Fidelity PCR System	Roche	Cat#11732641001
pGEM-T Easy Vector System	Promega	Cat#A1360
RNeasy Micro Kit	QIAGEN	Cat#74004
RNeasy Mini Kit	QIAGEN	Cat#74104
DNAeasy Blood and Tissue Kit	QIAGEN	Cat#69504
SMARTer low-input RNA kit	Clontech	Cat#634938