SNARE-Mediated Fusion of Single Chromaffin Granules with Pore-Spanning Membranes.

Pore-spanning membranes (PSMs) composed of supported membrane parts as well as freestanding membrane parts are shown to be very versatile to investigate SNARE-mediated fusion on the single-particle level. They provide a planar geometry readily accessible by confocal fluorescence microscopy, which enabled us for the first time, to our knowledge, to investigate the fusion of individual natural secretory granules (i.e., chromaffin granules (CGs)) on the single-particle level by two-color fluorescence microscopy in a time-resolved manner. The t-SNARE acceptor complex ΔN49 was reconstituted into PSMs containing 2 mol % 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate and Atto488-1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, and CGs were fluorescently labeled with 2-((1E,3E)-5-((Z)-3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindolin-2-ylidene)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecyl-3H-indol-1-ium perchlorate. We compared the dynamics of docked and hemifused CGs as well as their fusion efficacy and kinetics with the results obtained for synthetic synaptobrevin 2-doped vesicles fusing with PSMs of the same composition. Whereas the synthetic vesicles were fully immobile on supported PSMs, docked as well as hemifused CGs were mobile on both PSM parts, which suggests that this system resembles more closely the natural situation. The fusion process of CGs proceeded through three-dimensional post-lipid-mixing structures, which were readily resolved on the gold-covered pore rims of the PSMs and which are discussed in the context of intermediate states observed in live cells.