Ethical issues and law-making power: how European case law has rewritten Italian law on medically assisted reproduction.

The paper relates to the actual extent of the "margin of appreciation" of national law-making power in Europe when it takes ethical issues into consideration. This occurs when the use of technoscience may affect fundamental interests. The discretion of the legislature is limited, particularly by the transnational system arising from the European legal integration within both the European Union and the Council of Europe. The two schemes of integration, although there are differences between them, converge to put national legislation under pressure, particularly when it considers ethical matters. As a matter of fact, ethical issues cannot be approached at the national level alone but must be addressed at least at the continental level. An important role in the work of shaping the ethical rules from a continental perspective is played not by the national legislatures, but by the dialogue between the different levels of the judiciary. This role is inescapable and cannot be replaced by legislation, even if it is approved in a transnational plan. The function of the case law in regulating phenomena with ethical implications is studied, taking into consideration the case of Italian Law no. 40 of 2004 concerning medically assisted reproduction. Over the last 15 years, this law, which is inconsistent with many fundamental ethical principles, but has not been amended by the legislature, has been in the process of being corrected by the dialogue between European and national case law.