Transformation of Schwanniomyces occidentalis with an ADE2 gene cloned from S. occidentalis.

We have developed an efficient transformation system for the industrial yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis (formerly Schwanniomyces castellii). The transformation system is based on ade2 mutants of S. occidentalis deficient for phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase that were generated by mutagenesis. As a selectable marker, we isolated and characterized the S. occidentalis ADE2 gene by complementation in an ade2 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. occidentalis was transformed with the recombinant plasmid pADE, consisting of a 4.5-kilobase-pair (kbp) DNA fragment from S. occidentalis containing the ADE2 gene inserted into the S. cerevisiae expression vector pYcDE8 by a modification of the spheroplasting procedure of Beggs (J. D. Beggs, Nature [London] 275:104-108, 1978). Intact plasmids were recovered in Escherichia coli from whole-cell lysates of ADE+ transformants, indicating that plasmids were replicating autonomously. High-molecular-mass species of pADE2 were found by Southern hybridization analysis of intact genomic DNA preparations. The shift to higher molecular mass of these plasmids during electrophoresis in the presence ethidium bromide after exposure to shortwave UV suggests that they exist in a supercoiled form in the transformed host. Subclones of the 4.5-kbp insert indicated that ADE2-complementing activity and sequences conferring autonomous replication in S. occidentalis were located within a 2.7-kbp EcoRI-SphI fragment. Plasmids containing this region cloned into the bacterial vector pUC19 complemented ade2 mutants of S. occidentalis with efficiencies identical to those of the original plasmid pADE.