Richard L Amdur1, Harold I Feldman2, Elizabeth A Dominic3, Amanda H Anderson4, Srinivasan Beddhu5, Mahboob Rahman6, Myles Wolf7, Muredach Reilly8, Akinlolu Ojo9, Raymond R Townsend10, Alan S Go11, Jiang He12, Dawei Xie4, Sally Thompson4, Matthew Budoff13, Scott Kasner14, Paul L Kimmel15, John W Kusek15, Dominic S Raj16. 1. Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC. 2. Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, PA; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA. 3. Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. 4. Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA. 5. Division of Nephrology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT. 6. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Case Western Reserve University, OH. 7. Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC. 8. Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine and the Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University College of Physician and Surgeon, New York, NY. 9. University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, AZ. 10. Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, PA. 11. Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA. 12. Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, LA. 13. Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA. 14. Division of Vascular Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, PA. 15. Division of Kidney Urologic and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD. 16. Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, George Washington University, Washington, DC. Electronic address: draj@mfa.gwu.edu.
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Traditional risk estimates for atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD) and death may not perform optimally in the setting of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We sought to determine whether the addition of measures of inflammation and kidney function to traditional estimation tools improves prediction of these events in a diverse cohort of patients with CKD. STUDY DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 2,399 Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study participants without a history of cardiovascular disease at study entry. PREDICTORS: Baseline plasma levels of biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], transforming growth factor β, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and serum albumin), measures of kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] and albuminuria), and the Pooled Cohort Equation probability (PCEP) estimate. OUTCOMES: Composite of ASVD events (incident myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke) and death. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for PCEP estimates, albuminuria, and eGFR. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 7.3 years, 86, 61, 48, and 323 participants experienced myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, stroke, or death, respectively. The 1-decile greater levels of IL-6 (adjusted HR [aHR], 1.12; 95% CI, 1.08-1.16; P<0.001), TNF-α (aHR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05-1.13; P<0.001), fibrinogen (aHR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.03-1.11; P<0.001), and serum albumin (aHR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99; P<0.002) were independently associated with the composite ASVD-death outcome. A composite inflammation score (CIS) incorporating these 4 biomarkers was associated with a graded increase in risk for the composite outcome. The incidence of ASVD-death increased across the quintiles of risk derived from PCEP, kidney function, and CIS. The addition of eGFR, albuminuria, and CIS to PCEP improved (P=0.003) the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the composite outcome from 0.68 (95% CI, 0.66-0.71) to 0.73 (95% CI, 0.71-0.76). LIMITATIONS: Data for cardiovascular death were not available. CONCLUSIONS: Biomarkers of inflammation and measures of kidney function are independently associated with incident ASVD events and death in patients with CKD. Traditional cardiovascular risk estimates could be improved by adding markers of inflammation and measures of kidney function.
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Traditional risk estimates for atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD) and death may not perform optimally in the setting of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We sought to determine whether the addition of measures of inflammation and kidney function to traditional estimation tools improves prediction of these events in a diverse cohort of patients with CKD. STUDY DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 2,399 Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study participants without a history of cardiovascular disease at study entry. PREDICTORS: Baseline plasma levels of biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], transforming growth factor β, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and serum albumin), measures of kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] and albuminuria), and the Pooled Cohort Equation probability (PCEP) estimate. OUTCOMES: Composite of ASVD events (incident myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke) and death. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for PCEP estimates, albuminuria, and eGFR. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 7.3 years, 86, 61, 48, and 323 participants experienced myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, stroke, or death, respectively. The 1-decile greater levels of IL-6 (adjusted HR [aHR], 1.12; 95% CI, 1.08-1.16; P<0.001), TNF-α (aHR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05-1.13; P<0.001), fibrinogen (aHR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.03-1.11; P<0.001), and serum albumin (aHR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99; P<0.002) were independently associated with the composite ASVD-death outcome. A composite inflammation score (CIS) incorporating these 4 biomarkers was associated with a graded increase in risk for the composite outcome. The incidence of ASVD-death increased across the quintiles of risk derived from PCEP, kidney function, and CIS. The addition of eGFR, albuminuria, and CIS to PCEP improved (P=0.003) the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the composite outcome from 0.68 (95% CI, 0.66-0.71) to 0.73 (95% CI, 0.71-0.76). LIMITATIONS: Data for cardiovascular death were not available. CONCLUSIONS: Biomarkers of inflammation and measures of kidney function are independently associated with incident ASVD events and death in patients with CKD. Traditional cardiovascular risk estimates could be improved by adding markers of inflammation and measures of kidney function.
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