Kevin Brunet1, Alexandre Alanio2, Olivier Lortholary3, Blandine Rammaert4. 1. Laboratoire de Mycologie Médicale, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; INSERM U1070, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France. Electronic address: kevin.brunet@univ-poitiers.fr. 2. CNRS, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Centre National de Référence Mycoses et Antifongiques, Institut Pasteur, URA3012 Paris, France; Laboratoire de mycologie et parasitologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. 3. CNRS, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Centre National de Référence Mycoses et Antifongiques, Institut Pasteur, URA3012 Paris, France; APHP, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et. Tropicales, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Institut Imagine, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France. 4. INSERM U1070, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Faculté de médecine et pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Latent infections are well-known for bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and for viruses such as Herpesviridae and parasites like Leishmania spp. or Toxoplasma gondii. However, invasive fungi may also be latent and come to reactivate. The aim of this review is to clarify the reactivation concept in major fungal invasive diseases. METHOD: We have searched for PUBMED publications from 1980 to 2017 with the keywords "fungi", "reactivation", "latency", "dormancy", "granuloma", "Aspergillus", "Mucorales", "Dimorphic fungi", "Histoplasma", "Cryptococcus", "Pneumocystis", "Yeast", "Candida" and "Mold". RESULTS: After primary infection and immune control of the fungus, reactivation can occur following a period of latency. Two conditions must be present: dormancy/survival of the fungi and immunosuppression of the host. Fungal reactivation is easily demonstrated for dimorphic fungi when patients travelling in endemic areas are no longer exposed to fungi at the time they when develop the disease. For cosmopolitan fungi, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus or some emerging fungi, clinical data and animal models have brought some evidence of reactivation. Survival inside macrophages and granuloma formation appear to be predominant conditions to latency. Although granuloma may act as a reservoir for some fungi like Histoplasma or Cryptococcus, its role in mold reactivation has yet to be fully established. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of fungal reactivation should be taken into account in patient management, especially in cases of solid organ transplantation or long-term immunosuppressive treatment.
OBJECTIVES: Latent infections are well-known for bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and for viruses such as Herpesviridae and parasites like Leishmania spp. or Toxoplasma gondii. However, invasive fungi may also be latent and come to reactivate. The aim of this review is to clarify the reactivation concept in major fungal invasive diseases. METHOD: We have searched for PUBMED publications from 1980 to 2017 with the keywords "fungi", "reactivation", "latency", "dormancy", "granuloma", "Aspergillus", "Mucorales", "Dimorphic fungi", "Histoplasma", "Cryptococcus", "Pneumocystis", "Yeast", "Candida" and "Mold". RESULTS: After primary infection and immune control of the fungus, reactivation can occur following a period of latency. Two conditions must be present: dormancy/survival of the fungi and immunosuppression of the host. Fungal reactivation is easily demonstrated for dimorphic fungi when patients travelling in endemic areas are no longer exposed to fungi at the time they when develop the disease. For cosmopolitan fungi, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus or some emerging fungi, clinical data and animal models have brought some evidence of reactivation. Survival inside macrophages and granuloma formation appear to be predominant conditions to latency. Although granuloma may act as a reservoir for some fungi like Histoplasma or Cryptococcus, its role in mold reactivation has yet to be fully established. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of fungal reactivation should be taken into account in patient management, especially in cases of solid organ transplantation or long-term immunosuppressive treatment.
Authors: Marcus Fritze; David Costantini; Jörns Fickel; Dana Wehner; Gábor Á Czirják; Christian C Voigt Journal: Biol Open Date: 2019-11-01 Impact factor: 2.422
Authors: Braydon Black; Christopher Lee; Linda C Horianopoulos; Won Hee Jung; James W Kronstad Journal: PLoS Pathog Date: 2021-07-08 Impact factor: 6.823