Mireille Desrochers-Couture1, Youssef Oulhote2, Tye E Arbuckle3, William D Fraser4, Jean R Séguin5, Emmanuel Ouellet6, Nadine Forget-Dubois7, Pierre Ayotte8, Michel Boivin9, Bruce P Lanphear10, Gina Muckle11. 1. Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada; École de psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: Mireille.desrochers-couture@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca. 2. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: youlhote@hsph.harvard.edu. 3. Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: Tye.Arbuckle@canada.ca. 4. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: william.fraser@umontreal.ca. 5. CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Mother and Child University Hospital Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada. Electronic address: jean.seguin@umontreal.ca. 6. Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: Emmanuel.Ouellet@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca. 7. Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada; École de psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: Nadine.Forget-Dubois@psy.ulaval.ca. 8. Centre de toxicologie du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: pierre.ayotte@inspq.qc.ca. 9. École de psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: Michel.Boivin@psy.ulaval.ca. 10. Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Electronic address: bpl3@sfu.ca. 11. Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada; École de psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: gina.muckle@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lead exposure predicts altered neurodevelopment and lower intelligence quotient (IQ) in children, but few studies have examined this association in children who have relatively low blood lead concentrations. OBJECTIVES: To test the associations between blood lead concentrations and cognitive function in Canadian preschoolers, with a possible moderation by sex. METHODS: The data were gathered from 609 mother-child pairs from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study. Lead was measured in umbilical and maternal blood, and in children's venous blood at age 3-4 years. Cognitive function was measured with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III) at 3-4 years. We tested the relationship between WPPSI-III scores and blood lead concentrations with multiple linear regression, adding child sex as a moderator. RESULTS: Median blood lead concentrations for the mother at 1st trimester and 3rd trimester of pregnancy, and for cord and child blood were 0.60 μg/dL, 0.58 μg/dL, 0.79 μg/dL and 0.67 μg/dL, respectively. We found no association between cord blood lead concentrations and WPPSI-III scores in multivariable analyses. However, cord blood lead concentrations showed a negative association with Performance IQ in boys but not in girls (B = 3.44; SE = 1.62; 95% CI: 0.82, 5.98). No associations were found between WPPSI-III scores and prenatal maternal blood or concurrent child blood lead concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal blood lead concentrations below 5 μg/dL were still associated with a decline in cognitive function in this Canadian cohort, but only for boys.
BACKGROUND: Lead exposure predicts altered neurodevelopment and lower intelligence quotient (IQ) in children, but few studies have examined this association in children who have relatively low blood lead concentrations. OBJECTIVES: To test the associations between blood lead concentrations and cognitive function in Canadian preschoolers, with a possible moderation by sex. METHODS: The data were gathered from 609 mother-child pairs from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study. Lead was measured in umbilical and maternal blood, and in children's venous blood at age 3-4 years. Cognitive function was measured with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III) at 3-4 years. We tested the relationship between WPPSI-III scores and blood lead concentrations with multiple linear regression, adding child sex as a moderator. RESULTS: Median blood lead concentrations for the mother at 1st trimester and 3rd trimester of pregnancy, and for cord and child blood were 0.60 μg/dL, 0.58 μg/dL, 0.79 μg/dL and 0.67 μg/dL, respectively. We found no association between cord blood lead concentrations and WPPSI-III scores in multivariable analyses. However, cord blood lead concentrations showed a negative association with Performance IQ in boys but not in girls (B = 3.44; SE = 1.62; 95% CI: 0.82, 5.98). No associations were found between WPPSI-III scores and prenatal maternal blood or concurrent child blood lead concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal blood lead concentrations below 5 μg/dL were still associated with a decline in cognitive function in this Canadian cohort, but only for boys.
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