New records of bees of the genus Sphecodes Latreille in the Palaearctic part of China (Hymenoptera, Halictidae).

The available information about the cleptoparastic bees of the genus Sphecodes in the Palaearctic part of China is summarized. Twenty-four species are currently known from this area including 16 newly recorded. Based on type specimens, new synonymies have been proposed for Sphecodescristatus Hagens, 1882 = S.alfkeni Meyer, 1922, syn. n.; S.longulus Hagens, 1882 = S.subfasciatus Blüthgen, 1934, syn. n.; S.nippon Meyer, 1922 = S.kansuensis Blüthgen, 1934, syn. n.; Sphecodespieli Cockerell, 1931 = S.orientalis Astafurova & Proshchalykin, 2014, syn. n. Lectotypes are designated for Sphecodesalfkeni Meyer, 1922 and S.pellucidusniveipennis Meyer, 1925. Illustrated keys to males and females of all species known from Palaearctic China and an updated checklist of the 33 Chinese species of Sphecodes are provided.

Introduction

The present paper is part of a series of works dealing with the bees of the cleptoparastic genus Latreille, 1804 from the Palaearctic region (Astafurova and Proshchalykin 2014, 2015a, b, 2016a, b, 2017a, b, Astafurova et al. 2014, 2015, 2018). Consequently, we focus on species in northern China and do not deal with the southern, Oriental species of China.

The question of where the zoogeographical boundary exists between the Oriental and the Palaearctic regions in China has been discussed by many researchers working on various groups of animals (Emeljanov 1974, Hoffman 2001, Fellowes 2006, Chen et al. 2008, Heiser and Schmitt 2013, He et al. 2017). In this paper, the views of Pesenko (2007) and Astafurova (2013) are followed for halictid bees, which posit that the approximate border between Palaearctic and Oriental Regions in China lies between 30°–35° northern latitude.

Cockerell was the first species of the genus described from China (Taiwan) (Cockerell 1911). Since then, a total of ten species and three subspecies have been described (Meyer, four species and two subspecies; Cockerell, four species; Blüthgen, two species and one subspecies), seven of which are still valid (see section on taxonomy for details). Sixteen species have been recorded from China so far (Meyer 1920, 1922, 1925, Blüthgen 1924, 1927, 1934, Cockerell 1911, 1922, 1931, Strand and Yasumatsu 1938, Ascher and Pickering 2018). Among them, only seven species were known from the Palaearctic.

Based on a comprehensive study of specimens in various collections, we catalogue 24 species of the genus , with 16 species recorded from China for the first time. New synonymies are proposed for four specific names: Hagens, 1882 = Meyer, 1922, syn. n.; Hagens, 1882 = Blüthgen, 1934, syn. n.; Meyer, 1922 = Blüthgen, 1934, syn. n.; Cockerell, 1931 = Astafurova & Proshchalykin, 2014, syn. n. Illustrated keys to the species known from the Palaearctic part of China are presented to facilitate further studies.

Materials and methods

The results presented in this paper are based on 453 specimens collected in the Palaearctic part of China and currently housed in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Beijing, China, IZCAS); the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, Russia, ZISP); and the private collection of Maximilian Schwarz (Ansfelden, Austria, PCMS). The following acronyms are used for the collections where type specimens are deposited:

Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany.

Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden.

National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.

Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.

The taxonomy and distribution of species generally follow that of Warncke (1992), Bogusch and Straka (2012), and Astafurova and Proshchalykin (2017b). A detailed current synonymy of the species has been given by Astafurova and Proshchalykin (2017b). Morphological terminology follows that of Michener (2007) and Engel (2001). The ventral surface of some flagellomeres bear a distinctive patch of sensilla trichodea A (sensu Årgent and Svensson 1982), which we refer to as “tyloids;” they are easily observable under light microscopy. The abbreviations F, T, and S are used for flagellomere, metasomal tergum, and metasomal sternum, respectively. The density of integumental punctures is described using the following formula: puncture diameter (in μm) / ratio of distance between punctures to average puncture diameter, e.g., 15–20 μm / 0.5–1.5. Integumental sculpturing, aside from distinctive surface punctation, is described as follows: reticulate: superficially net-like or made up of a network of raised lines; rugose: irregular, non-parallel, wrinkled raised lines (rugae); tessellate: regular network of shallow grooves with flat interspaces.

Specimens were studied with a Leica M205A stereomicroscope and photographs were taken with a combination of a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZX10) and a digital camera (Canon EOS70D). Final images represent a composite of several photographs taken at different focal planes and combined using the program Helicon Focus 6. All images were post-processed for contrast and brightness using Adobe® Photoshop®.

The species are presented alphabetically and those that could not be inspected in this paper are quoted from published sources. We use the following abbreviations for collectors: – Jiri Halada, – Petr Kozlov; – Vsevolod Roborovsky. New distributional records are noted with an asterisk (*).

Unfortunately, we have not examined the type of , because it was not found in Kyushu University (Japan). We also have not found specimens corresponding to the original description of Strand and Yasumatsu (1938) in our material.

Taxonomy

Key to the species of the Palaearctic part of China

Additional species are included in this key because they are widespread in the Palaearctic and may also occur in China. These include Tsuneki, 1983, Tsuneki, 1983, Tsuneki, 1983 (known from Japan and Russian Far East), Hagens, 1882, Thomson, 1870, and Thomson, 1870. Strand & Yasumatsu, 1938, known only from the holotype, is not included.

List of species

(Fabricius, 1793)

Figs 1 , 47

Figures 1–12.

Genitalia, males, dorsal view. 1 (Fabricius) 2 Smith 3 Thomson 4 Hagens 5 Hagens 6 (Linné) 7 (Kirby) 8 Hagens 9 (Linnaeus) 10 Blüthgen 11 Tsuneki 12 Astafurova & Proshchalykin. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

Figures 47–52.

Scutum, females, dorsal view. 47 (Fabricius) 48 Pérez 49 Blüthgen 50 Meyer 51 Tsuneki 52 Cockerell. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Material examined.

CHINA: Liaoning, 1 ♀, 50 km N Mukden [Shenyang] [], 20.VII.1952, leg. Rubtsov (ZISP); Inner Mongolia, 1 ♂, Xilinhot [], 27.VII.1971, leg. Y.-W. Zhang (IZCAS); Hebei, 1 ♀, Kreis Yongnian [], 1995, leg. S.-Q. Li (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Yangjiaping [], 3.VIII.1937, leg. O. Piel (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Yu Xian, Xiheying [], 800 m, 29.VII.1964, leg. B.-Q. Li (IZCAS); Beijing, 1 ♀, Xiyuan [], 50 m, 23.VII.1962, leg. C.-G. Wang (IZCAS); Shanxi, 1 ♀, Xiexian, Zhongtiao Shan Mts. [], 22–24.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS); Gansu, 1 ♂, Lanzhou [], 1500 m, 9.IX.1957, leg. Y.-R. Zhang (IZCAS).

Distribution.

*China (Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Beijing, Shanxi, Gansu), Central Asia, Russia, Europe (north to Finland and Sweden), Turkey, Syria, Caucasus, North Africa, Israel, India.

Smith, 1853

Figs 2 , 46

Figures 41–46.

Diagnostic characters of species, females. 41, 42 head, dorsal view 43, 44 thorax, ventral view 45, 46 T4-T5, dorsal view 41 (Linnaeus) 42, 45 Thomson 43 Tsuneki 44 Tsuneki 46 Smith. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

CHINA: Gansu, 2 ♂♂, oasis Sachjou [Dunhuang] [], Gashun Gobi desert, 1–3.VIII.1895, VR, PK (ZISP); Xinjiang, 1 ♂, Yining, Boro Hqro Mts [], 27.VII.1991, Snizek (PCMS); 1 ♀, 37 ♂♂, Bugas near Khami [], 20.VIII–8.IX.1895, VR, PK (ZISP).

*China (Gansu, Xinjiang), Central Asia, Europe, Russia (south of European part and east to Khakassia Republic), Turkey, Iran, North Africa.

Thomson, 1870

Figure 3

CHINA: Inner Mongolia, 2 ♀♀, Suburgan-gol, Alashan [Helan Shan] Mt., Gobi, 29–30.VI.1908, PK (ZISP); 6 ♀♀, Tszosto, Alashan [Helan Shan] Mt., Gobi, 13–14.V.1908, PK (ZISP); Shanxi, 1 ♀, Xiexian, Zhongtiao Shan Mts [], 22–24.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS); 2 ♀♀, 13 km S Yichuan [], 19.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS).

*China (Inner Mongolia, Shanxi), Central Asia, Mongolia, Russia, Europe (north to 64°), Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Japan, North Africa.

Hagens, 1882

Figure 4

Meyer, 1922: 172, ♀ (lectotype: ♀,

CHINA: Heilongjiang, 1 ♀, Harbin [], 8.X.1952 (IZCAS); 1 ♀, idem, 27.VII.1952 (IZCAS); 1 ♀, idem, 19.VII.1953 (IZCAS); 1 ♀, idem, 25.VII.1955 (IZCAS); 1 ♂, idem, 8.X.1952 (IZCAS); 1 ♂, idem, 16.VII.1952 (IZCAS); Jilin, 1 ♀, Gongzhuling [], 9.VI.1962, leg. T.-L. Cheng (IZCAS); Liaoning, 1 ♂, 50 km N Mukden [Shenyang], 20.VII.1952, Rubtsov (ZISP); 1 ♀, Guicheng [], 30.VII.1962, leg. T.-L. Cheng (IZCAS); Inner Mongolia, 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Dingyuanying [Bayan Hot], Alashan [Helan Shan] Mt., 22.V., 26.V., 17–26.IX.1908, PK (ZISP); 1 ♂, Tszosto, Alashan [Helan Shan] Mt., Gobi, 13–14.V.1908, PK (ZISP); 1 ♂, Ulanqab Men, Tomortei [], 31.VIII.1971 (IZCAS); 2 ♂♂, Hailar Shi [], 3.VIII.2006, leg. H.-Y. Zhang (IZCAS), 2 ♂♂, idem, 2.VIII.2006, leg. Y.-J. Li (IZCAS), 1 ♂, idem, 8.VIII.2006, leg. P. Wang (IZCAS); 2 ♂♂, Ordos, Dundatu [], 24.VII.2006, leg. Y.-J. Li (IZCAS); 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, idem, 25.VII.2006, leg. P. Wang (IZCAS), 5 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, idem, 25.VII.2006, leg. H.-Y. Zhang (IZCAS); 3 ♀♀, idem, 25.VII.2006, leg. M. Luo (IZCAS); 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Hohhot Shi, Heling Xian, Mengniu Zheng [], 15.VII.2006, leg. Y.-J. Li (IZCAS); 1 ♂, Hulun Buir Meng, Manzhouli Shi [], 5.VIII.2006, leg. Y.-J. Li (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Uxin Qi, Batugou [], 28.VII.2006, leg. M. Luo (IZCAS); Hebei, 1 ♀, Yangyuan Xian, Liumafang [], 950 m, 12.IV.2002, leg. Z.-Q. Niu (IZCAS); Tianjin, 1 ♀, Balitai [], 13.X.1953, leg. Z.-R. Yu (IZCAS). Beijing, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Xiangshan [], 100 m, 19.IX.1962, leg. Y.-S. Shi (IZCAS); 3 ♂♂, Beijing [], 28.VIII.1973, leg. S.-F. Wang (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Wofosi [], 100 m, 10.V.1962, leg. S.-Y. Wang (IZCAS); 1 ♂, idem, 18.IX.1981, leg. Q. Zhou (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Zizhuyuan [], 24.IV.1962, leg. S.-M. Ge (IZCAS); Shanxi, 1 ♀, Qingjian env. [], 15.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS); 1 ♀, Monan [], 26–28.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS); 1 ♀, Suide, [], 13–14.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS); Shandong, 1 ♀, Jinan [], 24.VI.1937 (IZCAS); Shaanxi, 1 ♀, Gangui [], 35 km NE Yanan, 17–18.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS); Ningxia, 1 ♂, Ningxia [Yinchuan], Ordos, Gobi, 1–4.VI.1908, PK (ZISP); 6 ♂♂, Yanchi Xian, Sidunzi [], 1455 m, 22.VI.2016, leg. Z.-Q. Niu, D. Zhang (IZCAS); Xinjiang, 1 ♀, Jimsar Xian [44°00N 89°03E], 14.V.1955, leg. S.-J. Ma, K.-L. Xia, Y.-L. Cheng (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Jeminay Xian, S229, 14 km [], 1080 m, 28.VIII.2002, leg. Z.-Q. Niu (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Tian Shan [], 28.VIII.1957, leg. G. Wang (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Manas Xian, Shihezi [], 550 m, 6.VI.1957, leg. C.-P. Hong (IZCAS); 1 ♀, idem, 590 m, 27.VIII.1957, leg. S.-Y. Wang (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Yining Xian [], 4.VIII.1957, leg. W.-Y. Yang (IZCAS).

Published records.

Blüthgen 1927: 42, as Meyer (Tianjin); Ascher and Pickering 2018 (Beijing).

China (*Heilongjiang, *Jilin, *Liaoning, *Inner Mongolia, *Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, *Shanxi, *Shandong, *Shaanxi, *Ningxia, *Xinjiang), Europe (north to Sweden), Korea, Russia, Caucasus, Turkey, Central Asia, Mongolia.

(Linné, 1767)

Figure 6

CHINA: Xinjiang, 1 ♂, Yaerkate [], 3.VIII.1956, leg. W.-Y. Yang (IZCAS).

*China (Xinjiang), Russia (east to Irkutsk Prov.), Mongolia, Central Asia, Caucasus, Turkey, Europe (north to 62°).

Hagens, 1882

Figs 5 , 25 , 36

Figures 25–30.

Head, females, frontal view. 25 Hagens 26 Hagens 27 Hagens 28 Meyer 29 Astafurova & Proshchalykin 30 Tsuneki. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figures 31–36.

Diagnostic characters of species. 31, 32, 35, 36 Females 33, 34 Males 31–34 head, frontal view 35, 36 pronotum, lateral, view 31 Astafurova & Proshchalykin 32 (Kirby) 33 Tsuneki 34 Tsuneki 35 Smith 36 Hagens. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

CHINA: Beijing, 2 ♀♀, 3 ♀♀, Bada Ling, Sanbu [], 500 m, 18, 27.IV.2002, leg. Z.-Q. Niu (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Miaofengshan [], 24.V.1957, leg. M.-H. Wang (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Wofosi [], 15.V.1961, leg. S.-M. Ge (IZCAS); Shanxi, 1 ♀, Xiexian [], Zhongtiao Shan Mts., 22–24.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS).

*China (Beijing, Shanxi), Central Asia, Russia, Europe (north to 66°), Caucasus, Turkey, Japan.

(Kirby 1802)

Figure 7

CHINA: Heilongjiang, 1 ♂, Da Hinggan Ling [], 23.VII.1980 (IZCAS); Shaanxi, 11 ♀♀, Gangui [], 35 km NE Yanan, 17–18.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS); 1 ♀, 13 km S Yichuan [], 19.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS).

*China (Heilongjiang, Shanxi), Central Asia, Europe (north to 66°), Russia (east to Far East), Turkey, Near East, Mongolia, Japan.

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Figs 9 , 41 , 57

Figures 53–58.

Antennae, males. 53 Cockerell 54 Astafurova & Proshchalykin 55 Pérez 56 Blüthgen 57 (Linnaeus) 58 Meyer. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Meyer, 1920: 113 (holotype: 1 ♀, Uzbekistan: Golodnaja Steppe [Gulistan],

CHINA: Xinjiang, 1 ♀, 13 ♂♂, Bugas near Khami [], 20.VIII–8.IX.1895, leg. VR, PK (ZISP); 1 ♂, Qitai Xian [], 10.VII.1975 (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Kashi [], 133 m, 10.VII.1959, leg. C.-Q. Li (IZCAS); 1 ♂, idem, 10.VII.1959, leg. A-F. Tian (IZCAS).

Meyer, 1920: Yarkand (Xinjiang), as Meyer, 1920.

China (Xinjiang), Central Asia, Russia (east to Yakutia), Pakistan, Mongolia, Europe (north to 63°), Turkey, Israel, North Africa, India.

Cockerell, 1922

Figure 52

Cockerell, 1922: 12 (holotype: ♀, China, Sichuan: Suifu, Graham coll.;

CHINA: Shanxi, 1 ♀, Xiexian [], Zhongtiao Shan Mts., 22–24.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS); Shaanxi, 2 ♀♀, Gangui [], 35 km NE Yanan, 17–18.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS).

Cockerell 1922: 12 (Shanghai); Ascher and Pickering 2018 (Jilin, Hebei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Yunnan, Xizang, Guandong).

China (Jilin, Hebei, *Shanxi, *Shaanxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xizang, Guandong).

Remark..

The female of this species is challenging to distinguish from West-Palaearctic (Linné, 1767).

Blüthgen, 1923

Figs 10 , 49 , 56

CHINA: Gansu, 1 ♂, Shibendu, oasis Sachjou [Dunhuang] [], Gashun Gobi desert, 9–12.VIII.1895, leg. VR, PK (ZISP).

*China (Gansu), Central Asia, Europe, Russia (European part, Ural), North Africa, Caucasus, Turkey.

Astafurova & Proshchalykin, 2015

Figs 12 , 39 , 54

Figures 37–40.

Diagnostic characters of species, females. 37–39 vertex, dorso-lateral view 40 preoccipital carina and gena, dorso-lateral view 37 Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau 38 Cockerell 39 Astafurova & Proshchalykin 40 Wesmael. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

CHINA: Inner Mongolia, 3 ♀♀, Tszosto, Alashan [Helan Shan] Mt., Gobi, 10–18.V.1908, leg. PK (ZISP); 7 ♀♀, Dingyuanying [Bayan Hot], Alashan [Helan Shan] Mt., 10, 18–19.VI.1908, 15–16. IV.1909, leg. PK (ZISP); Shanxi, 1 ♀, Monan [], 26–28.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS); Ningxia, 2 ♀♀, Yanchi [], 11.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS).

*China (Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Ningxia), Mongolia (Dornod Aimag, Khentii Aimag).

Tsuneki, 1983

Figs 11 , 51

CHINA: Hebei, 1 ♂, Xinglong Xian, Wuling Shan [], 28.VIII.1973 (IZCAS).

*China (Hebei), Russia (Far East), Japan.

Hagens, 1882

Figs 8 , 26

Blüthgen, 1934: 22, ♀ (holotype: ♀, China, S. Kansu, 19.VI.1930, leg. Hummel,

CHINA: Inner Mongolia, 1 ♀, Goytzo valley, Alashan, Gobi, 5.IV.1908, leg. PK (ZISP); Hebei, 1 ♀, Changli Xian [], 28.IV.1962, leg. T.-L. Cheng (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Xiaowutai Shan [], 1200 m, 22.VIII.1964, leg. Y.-H. Han (IZCAS); Shaanxi, 1 ♀, Gangui [36°48'N, 110°18E‘], 35 km NE Yanan, 17–18.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS); Gansu, 1 ♀, Lanzhou [], 27.IV.1955, leg. S.-J. Ma, K.-L. Xia, Y.-L. Cheng (IZCAS); Xinjiang, 1 ♂, Tacheng Xian [], 470 m, 10.IX.1960, leg. PageBreakS.-Y. Wang (IZCAS); 1 ♂, Bostanterak [], 9.VII.1959, leg. S.-Y. Wang (IZCAS).

China (*Inner Mongolia, *Hebei, *Shaanxi, Gansu, *Xinjiang), Central Asia, Russia, Europe (north to Finland, Sweden, Denmark, England), Turkey, Syria, Japan.

Strand & Yasumatsu, 1938

Strand & Yasumatsu, 1938: 80 (holotype: ♂, China : “Fengtien (Mukden), South Manchoukuo, 5.VIII.1930, T. Nozawa leg.”;

No material examined.

China (Liaoning).

Remark.

Known only from the holotype.

(Kirby, 1802)

Figs 15 , 32

Figures 13–24.

Genitalia, males, dorsal view. 13 Tsuneki 14 Hagens 15 (Kirby) 16 Tsuneki 17 Astafurova & Proshchalykin 18 Warncke 19 Cockerell 20 Pérez 21 Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau 22 Thomson 23 Wesmael 24 Tsuneki. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

CHINA: Heilongjiang, 1 ♂, Morin Dawa [], 24.VII.1976 (IZCAS); 1 ♂, Harbin [], 6.VII.1947 (IZCAS); 1 ♀, idem, 27.VII.1952 (IZCAS); 2 ♂♂, idem, 25.VII.1953 (IZCAS); 7 ♂♂, idem, 4.VII.1955 (IZCAS); 1 ♂, idem, 8.VII.1955 (IZCAS); 1 ♀, 3 ♂♂, idem, 10.VII.1955 (IZCAS); 1 ♀, 5 ♂♂, idem, 19.VII.1955 (IZCAS); 5 ♂♂, idem, 10.VII.1955 (IZCAS); 1 ♂, idem, 11.VII.1955 (IZCAS); 3 ♂♂, idem, 23.VII.1953 (IZCAS); 1 ♂, idem, 9.VIII.1955 (IZCAS).

*China (Heilongjiang), Central Asia, Mongolia, Russia, North Pakistan, Europe (north to 64°), Caucasus, Turkey, North Africa.

Meyer, 1922

Figs 28 , 50 , 58

Blüthgen, 1934: 21, fig. 11, ♂ (holotype: ♂, China, S. Kansu [Gansu] 19.VI.1930, leg. Hummel,

CHINA: Heilongjiang, 1 ♂, Harbin [], 24.IX.1950; 1 ♂, idem, 16.VII.1952; 1 ♂, idem, 25.VII.1952; 1 ♂, idem, 23.VII.1953; 1 ♂, idem, 11.VII.1954; 1 ♂, idem, 4.VII.1955; 4 ♂♂, idem, 8.VII.1955; 2 ♂♂, idem, 25.VII.1955 (IZCAS); 2 ♂♂, Mao’ershan [], 29.VII.1951 (IZCAS); 1 ♂, Hengdaohezi [], 28.VII.1951 (IZCAS); Inner Mongolia, 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, Dingyuanying [Bayan Hot], Alashan [Helan Shan] Mt., 16–17.V., 3–6.VI., 11–16.IX.1908, PK (ZISP); Hebei, 1 ♂, Yangjiaping [39°58'N, 115°24'E], 17.VII.1937; 1 ♂, idem, 20.VII.1937; 1 ♀, idem, 6.VII.1937; 1 ♀, idem, 8.VII.1937, leg. O. Piel (IZCAS); 1 ♂, Xiaowutai Shan [], 1200 m, 25.VIII.1964; 1 ♂, idem, 11.VII.1964; 1 ♂, idem, 12.VII.1964, leg. Y.-H. Han (IZCAS); 1 ♂, Xinglong Xian, Wuling Shan [], 28.VIII.1973 (IZCAS); Tianjin, 1 ♀, Balitai [], 24.IV.1953, leg. Z.-Y. Xu (IZCAS); Beijing, 1 ♂, 40 km N Beijing [], 28.IX.1952, Rubtsov (ZISP); 1 ♀, Bada Ling [], 700 m, 2.VII.1974, leg. Y.-S. Shi (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Bada Ling, Sanbu [], 500 m, 27.IV.2002, leg. Z.-Q. Niu (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Xidazhuangke village, Songshan [40°31'N,115°47'E], 910 m, 15.V.2007, leg. H.-R. Huang (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Miaofengshan [], 2.VIII.1957; 1 ♂, idem, 18.VII.1957, leg. M.-H. Wang (IZCAS); Shaanxi, 9 ♀♀, Gangui [], 35 km NE Yanan, 17–18.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS); Gansu, 5 ♂♂, oasis Sachjou [Dunhuang] [], Gashun Gobi desert, 28–30.VII.1895, leg. VR, PK; 1 ♀, Lanzhou, 25.VII.1908, leg. PK (ZISP).

China (*Heilongjiang, *Inner Mongolia, *Hebei, *Tianjin, *Beijing, *Shaanxi, Gansu), Russia (East Siberia, Far East), Mongolia, Japan.

Warncke, 1992

Figure 18

CHINA: Xinjiang, 1 ♂, Bugas near Khami [N43°14’ E93°50’], 20.VIII.1895, leg. VR, PK (ZISP); 1 ♂, Ürümqi [], 980 m, 2.IX.1959, leg. S.-Y. Wang (IZCAS).

*China (Xinjiang), Tajikistan.

Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1825

Figs 21 , 37

CHINA: Gansu, 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂, oasis Sachjou [Dunhuang] [], Gashun Gobi desert, 24.VII, 1–3.VIII.1895, leg. VR, PK (ZISP); 1 ♂, Zhangye [], 1450 m, 29.VII.1957, leg. Y.-R. Zhang (IZCAS); Xinjiang, 117 ♂♂, Bugas near Khami [], 20.VIII-8.IX.1895, leg. VR, PK (ZISP); 3 ♀♀, Manas Xian [], 400 m, 9.VI.1953, leg. C.-P. Hong (IZCAS); 1 ♀, idem, 9.VI.1953, leg. W.-Y. Yang (IZCAS); 1 ♂, Manas Xian, Shihezi [], 500 m, 27.VIII.1959, leg. C.-Q. Li (IZCAS); 1 ♂, Burqin Xian [], 480 m, 25.VIII.1960, leg. S.-Y. Wang (IZCAS); 1 ♂, Turpan Xian [], 30.VI.1958 (IZCAS).

*China (Gansu, Xinjiang), Central Asia, South Europe, Russia (south of European part), Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, India, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, North Africa.

Morawitz, 1876

CHINA: Gansu, 1 ♀, 1 ♂, oasis Sachjou [Dunhuang] [], Gashun Gobi desert, 28.VII–4.VIII.1895, leg. VR, PK (ZISP); Xinjiang: 4 ♀♀, 140 ♂, Bugas near Khami [], 20.VIII–8.IX.1895, leg. VR, PK (ZISP).

*China (Gansu, Xinjiang), Central Asia.

Smith, 1845

Figure 35

Blüthgen, 1924: 516, ♀ (syntypes: ♀♀, China: Sichuan,

Meyer, 1925: 7, ♂ (lectotype: ♂,

CHINA: Gansu, 1 ♀, Lanzhou, 11–25.III.1901, leg. PK (ZISP); 3 ♂♂, Dankhe River, S to Sachzhou [Dunhuang], Gashunskoe Gobi [], 24.VII.1895, leg. VR, PK (ZISP).

China (*Gansu, Xinjiang, Sichuan), Central Asia, Russia, Mongolia, Europe (north to 66°), Caucasus, Turkey, North Africa.

Cockerell, 1931

Figs 19 , 38 , 53

Cockerell, 1931: 13, ♂ (holotype: ♂, China, Shanghai, Zo-Se, June 16, 1930 (Piel No 34),

Astafurova & Proshchalykin, 2014: 517–518, ♀, ♂ (holotype: ♂, Russia, Primorskiy Terr.: 15 km SW Slavyanka, 31.VIII.1995, S. Belokobylskij, ZISP, examined). – Syn. n.

CHINA: Hebei, 1 ♀, Xiaowutai Shan [], 1200 m, 19.VI.1964, leg. Y.-H. Han (IZCAS); Beijing, 1 ♀, Bada Ling, Sanbu [], 500 m, 27.IV.2002 (IZCAS); 2 ♀♀, idem, 28.IV.2002, leg. Z.-Q. Niu (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Xidazhuangke village, Songshan [], 910 m, 15.V.2007, leg. H.-R. Huang (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Mentougou, Xiaolongmen, Liyuanling [], 1140–1250 m, 19.V.2002, leg. Z.-Q. Niu (IZCAS); Shaanxi, 1 ♀, Gangui, 35 km NE Yanan [], 17–18.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS); 1 ♀, 13 km S Yichuan [], 19.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS); 1 ♀, Jingangling, 50 km W Linfen, [], 29–30.V.1996, leg. JH (PCMS); Sichuan, 1 ♀, Nanping, Ta Zang [], 2200 m, 15–18.VI.1990, JH (PCMS).

Ascher and Pickering, 2018 (Zhejiang, Jiangsu).

China (*Hebei, *Beijing, *Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, *Sichuan), Russia (Far East).

Pérez, 1903

Figs 20 , 48 , 55

CHINA: Inner Mongolia, 1 ♀, Dingyuanying [Bayan Hot], Alashan [Helan Shan] Mt., 22–24.VI.1908, PK (ZISP); Gansu, 1 ♀, oasis Sachjou [Dunhuang] [], Gashun Gobi desert, 4.VIII.1895, leg. VR, PK (ZISP).

*China (Inner Mongolia, Gansu), Central Asia, Mongolia, Russia, South Europe, Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Israel, United Arab Emirates, North Africa, Cape Verde Islands.

Wesmael, 1835

Figs 23 , 40

CHINA: Heilongjiang, 2 ♀♀, Harbin [], 11.VII.1954 (IZCAS); 1 ♀, idem, 8.VII.1955 (IZCAS); 1 ♀, idem, 19.VII.1955 (IZCAS); 1 ♀, idem, 20.VII.1955 (IZCAS); 2 ♀♀, idem, 25.VII.1955 (IZCAS); 1 ♂, idem, 8.VII.1955 (IZCAS), 2 ♂♂, idem, 25.VII.1955 (IZCAS); 1 ♂, idem, 11.IX.1955 (IZCAS); Liaoning, 1 ♂, Guicheng [], 10.VII.1962, leg. T.-L. Cheng (IZCAS); Beijing, 1 ♂, Changping district, Liucun town, Wangjiayuan village [], 5.IX.2011, leg. F. Yuan (IZCAS); 16 ♂♂, Wofosi [], 18.IX.1981, leg. Y.-R. Wu (IZCAS); 2 ♂♂, idem, 10.IX.1981, leg. Q. Zhou (IZCAS); 2 ♀♀, idem, 10.IX.1981, leg. W.-Z. Ma (IZCAS); 1 ♀, Bada Ling [], 3.IX.1981, leg. P.-Y. Yu (IZCAS); 1 ♂, idem, 28.VIII.1974 (IZCAS); 1 ♂, 13.VIII.1981 (IZCAS); 1 ♂, 20.VIII.1988, leg. Y.-S. Shi (IZCAS); 1 ♂, idem, 30.VIII.1977, leg. S.-F. Wang (IZCAS); 1 ♂, idem, 25.VIII.1981, leg. Q. Zhou (IZCAS); 1 ♀, idem, 7.IX.1982, leg. Z.-C. Jin (IZCAS); 1 ♂, Xiangshan [], 22.IX.1983, leg. J.-G. Fan (IZCAS); 4 ♀♀, Qinglongqiao [], 5.IX.1988, leg. H.-L. Xu (IZCAS); 1 ♂, idem, 12.V.1981, leg. Y.-R. Wu (IZCAS); 4 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Beijing [], 28.VIII.1973, leg. Y.-R. Wu (IZCAS); 3 ♂♂, idem, 28.VIII.1973, leg. S.-F. Wang (IZCAS); Shaanxi, 2 ♀♀, Qihling Mts., 6 km E Xunyangba [], 1000–1300 m, 23.V–13.VI.1998, leg. Marshal (PCMS); Qinghai, 1 ♂, Sinin-khe River valley [], 29.VII.1908, leg. PK (ZISP); Zhejiang, 1 ♂, Lian Country, West Tianmu Mt. [], 1000 m, 16.IX.2000, S. Belokobylskij (ZISP).

*China (Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Beijing, Shaanxi, Qinghai, Zhejiang), Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan), Russia, Europe (north to S England and Latvia), Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, South Korea, Japan, India.

Astafurova & Proshchalykin, 2017

Figure 31

CHINA: Gansu, 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂, oasis Sachjou [Dunhuang] [], Gashun Gobi desert, 1–9.VIII.1895, leg. VR, PK (ZISP).

*China (Gansu), Central Asia.

Discussion

In total, 33 species of are recorded from China (Table 1). Twenty-two of these species are Palaearctic and two species have a Palaearctic-Oriental range. For comparison, 37 species are known from Russia, 20 species of these from the Russian Far East (Astafurova and Proshchalykin 2014, 2017b) and 36 from Central Asia (Astafurova and Proshchalykin 2017a, Astafurova et al. 2018). In contrast, the Oriental fauna of the genus is poorly studied: only nine species are recorded from Oriental China, most of which are only known from type series, suggesting that further revision is necessary.

Table 1.

Checklist of the species of China including distribution by provinces.

	Species	Province	Published data	Type of areal
1	S.albilabris (Fabricius, 1793)	Gansu, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi	first record	P
2	S.alternatus Smith, 1853	Xinjiang, Gansu	first record	P
3	S.chinensis Meyer, 1922	China (exactly locality is unknown)	Meyer 1922	?
4	S.crassus Thomson, 1870	Inner Mongolia, Shanxi	first record	P
5	S.cristatus Hagens, 1882	Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Shanxi, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Beijing, Tianjin	Meyer 1922, Blüthgen 1927, Ascher and Pickering 2018, current data	P
6	S.ephippius (Linné, 1767)	Xinjiang	first record	P
7	S.ferruginatus Hagens, 1882	Shanxi, Beijing	first record	P
8	S.formosanus Cockerell, 1911	Taiwan	Cockerell 1911	O
9	S.galeritus Meyer, 1927	Guandong	Meyer 1927	O
10	S.gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Xinjiang	Meyer 1920, current data	P
11	S.geoffrellus (Kirby, 1802)	Shanxi, Inner Mongolia	first record	P
12	S.grahami Cockerell, 1922	Sichuan, Shanghai; Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Jilin, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejang, Xizang, Guandong, Yunnan	Cockerell 1922, 1931, Ascher and Pickering 2018, current data	PO
13	S. howardi Cockerell, 1922	Guandong	Cockerell 1922, Blüthgen 1924	O
14	S.intermedius Blüthgen, 1923	Gansu	first record	P
15	S.kershawi Perkins, 1921	Guandong	Meyer 1927	O
16	S.kozlovi Astafurova & Proshchalykin, 2015	Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Shanxi	first record	P
17	S.laticaudatus Tsuneki, 1983	Hebei	first record	P
18	S.laticeps Meyer, 1920	Taiwan	Meyer 1920	O
19	S.longulus Hagens, 1882	Gansu, Shanxi, Hebei, Inner Mongolia	Blüthgen 1934, current data	P
20	S.manchurianus Strand & Yasumatsu, 1938	Liaoning	Strand and Yasumatsu 1938	P
21	S.monilicornis (Kirby, 1802)	Heilongjiang	first record	P
22	S.nippon Meyer, 1922	Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Heilongjiang, Beijing, Gansu	Blüthgen 1934, current data	P
23	S.nurekensis Warncke, 1992	Xinjiang	first record	P
24	S.olivieri Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1825	Xinjiang, Gansu	first record	P
25	S.pieli Cockerell, 1931	Sichuan, Shanghai, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing , Zhejiang, Jiangsu	Cockerell 1931, Ascher and Pickering 2018, current data	PO
26	S.pinguiculus Pérez, 1903	Gansu, Inner Mongolia	first record	P
27	S.pectoralis Morawitz, 1876	Xinjiang, Gansu	first record	P
28	S.pellucidus Smith, 1845	Xinjiang, Sichuan, Gansu	Blüthgen 1924, Meyer 1922, 1925, current data	P
29	S.sauteri Meyer, 1925	Taiwan	Meyer 1925	O
30	S.scabricollis Wesmael, 1835	Qinghai, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Heilongjiang, Beijing	first record	P
31	S.takaensis Blüthgen, 1927	Taiwan	Blüthgen 1927	O
32	S.tertius Blüthgen, 1927	Guandong	Ascher and Pickering 2018	O
33	S.turanicus Astafurova & Proshchalykin, 2017	Gansu	first record	P

P – Palaearctic species; O – Oriental species; PO – Palaearctic and Oriental species

The majority of the Palaearctic Chinese is composed of 14 widespread Trans-Palaearctic or Euro-Asian species. Of them, eight species are distributed from Europe to the Russian Far East, Japan and the eastern provinces of China (, , , , , , , and ). One species, , occurs in the Russian Far East, but is rare in the East Palaearctic and has not yet been found in eastern China. Five species are distributed from Europe to Siberia and are, as expected, recorded in north-west China (, , , , .

The other eight Palaearctic species have smaller distributional ranges. is found in semi-desert and desert habitats of the Western Palaearctic, including Xinjiang and Gansu within China. Three species, and , are desert and steppe Irano-Turanian species distributed in Central Asia which also occur in Xinjiang and Gansu. Four species, , , , and are East Palaearctic species, not found farther west than 90°E.

None of the above Palaearctic species are recorded below 30°N. However, two species, and , have an inter-realm range and are distributed in the East Palaearctic well as Oriental China. More study is necessary to revise the Oriental .

1	Costal margin of hind wing with 7–14 hamuli. Base of gonocoxite dorsally without impression. Usually large species: total body length 5.0–12.0 mm	2
–	Costal margin of hind wing with 5–6 hamuli. Base of gonocoxite dorsally with or without impression. Large or small species: total body length 3.5–11.0 mm	11
2	Head rounded, about as long as wide. Hind wing with basal (M) vein strongly curved. T1 finely and sparsely (sometimes indistinctly) punctate. Gonostylus dorsally with small rectangular process directed to penis valve (Fig. 15). Body length 7.0–10.0 mm	S.monilicornis (Kirby)
–	Head transverse, wider than long. Hind wing with basal (M) vein weakly curved. T1 distinctly coarsely and densely punctate. Gonostylus another shape	3
3	Mesoscutum densely punctate, with confluent punctures (areolate)	4
–	Mesoscutum sparsely punctate, medially with punctures separated by at least a puncture diameter	5
4	Head more transverse, 1.2 times as wide as long. Vertex long, distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus about 2.5–3.0 lateral ocellar diameters as seen in dorsal view. Tyloids on flagellomeres (at least from F4 onward) semicircular across basal 1/5–1/3 and linear across remaining flagellomeres as seen in lateral view. Mesoscutellum sparsely punctate, medially with punctures separated by more than a puncture diameter and often with impunctate areas. T1 completely red. Gonostylus larger, not narrowed apically (Fig. 1). Body length 9.0–12.0 mm	S.albilabris (Fabricius)
–	Head less transverse, 1.1 times as wide as long. Vertex shorter, distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus about two lateral ocellar diameters as seen in dorsal view. Tyloids on flagellomeres semicircular across basal 1/6–1/4, linear portion along remaining flagellomeres not developed. Mesoscutellum densely punctate, with confluent punctures. T1 black or brownish at least on basal 1/3 Gonostylus smaller, distinctly narrowed apically (Fig. 23). Body length 7.0–12.0 mm	S.scabricollis Wesmael
5	Vertex with a longitudinal carina. Gonostylus smaller, not overlapped apically, as in Figs 4, 21	6
–	Vertex without a longitudinal carina. Gonostylus larger, another shape, overlapped apically	8
6	Tyloids on flagellomeres (at least from F4 onward) are semicircular across basal 1/3–1/2. T1 with marginal zone very finely and indistinctly punctate. Body length 7.0–10.0 mm	S.cristatus Hagens
–	Tyloids on flagellomeres weakly developed, very narrow, semicircular across basal 1/7–1/5 of flagellomere. T1 with marginal zone coarsely and distinctly punctate	7
7	Head more transverse, 1.2 times as wide as long. Mesoscutum more coarsely punctate (30–75 μm). T2 with marginal zone impunctate. Larger: total body length 7.0–11.0 mm	S.olivieri Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau
–	Head less transverse, 1.10–1.15 times as wide as long. Mesoscutum more finely punctate (25–40 μm). T2 with marginal zone distinctly punctate. Smaller: total body length 5.0–7.0 mm	S.pectoralis Morawitz
8	Vertex long, distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus about three lateral ocellar diameters as seen in dorsal view. Tyloids on flagellomeres cover at least 1/3 part of flagellomere Gonostylus with long apical process (Fig. 9)	9
–	Vertex shorter, distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus about two lateral ocellar diameters as seen in dorsal view. Tyloids on flagellomeres not covering more than 1/4 part of flagellomere. Gonostylus another shape at tip, as in Fig. 2	10
9	Tyloids on flagellomeres well developed, covering large part of flagellomere (as seen in lateral view, Fig. 57). Body length 7.0–14.0 mm	S.gibbus (Linnaeus)
–	Tyloids on flagellomeres weakly developed, covering about 1/3 of flagellomere (as seen in lateral view, Fig. 58). Body length 7.0–11.0 mm	S.nippon Meyer
10	T4 with marginal zone finely tessellate, without punctures (Fig. 46). Body length 7.0–10.0 mm	S.reticulatus Thomson
–	T4 with marginal zone distinctly punctate, smooth between punctures (rarely indistinctly tessellate) (Fig. 45). Body length 7.0–12.0 mm	S.alternatus Smith
11	Base of gonocoxite dorsally without impression	12
–	Base of gonocoxite dorsally with impression	19
12	T1 densely punctate. Gonostylus elongate (Fig. 18). Body length 5.0–5.5 mm	S.nurekensis Warncke
–	T1 impunctate or with a few fine punctures. Gonostylus another shape	13
13	Vertex coarsely and densely punctate, ocello-ocular area with confluent punctures, separated by at most a half puncture diameter	14
–	Vertex finely and sparser punctate, ocello-ocular area with punctures, separated by at least a puncture diameter	17
14	Vertex with longitudinal carina (in S.kozlovi usually weakly developed) (Figs 38, 39)	15
–	Vertex without longitudinal carina	16
15	Vertex with well visible longitudinal carina. Felt-like areas on last flagellomeres cover at least 1/2 underside of flagellomere, F2 as long as wide (Fig. 53). T1 impunctate or with a few fine punctures. Membranous portion of gonostylus smaller, as in Fig. 19. Body length 6.0–9.0 mm	S.pieli Cockerell
–	Vertex with weakly visible longitudinal carina. Felt-like areas on last flagellomeres cover about 1/3 underside of flagellomere, F2 slightly longer than wide (Fig. 54). T1 sparsely, but coarsely punctate. Membranous portion of gonostylus large, as in Fig. 12. Body length 8.0–10.0 mm	S.kozlovi Astafurova & Proshchalykin
16	Tyloids on last flagellomeres (at least from F4 onward) usually cover more than 1/2 of ventral flagellar surfaces, often up to 4/5 Membranous portion of gonostylus larger, as in S.kozlovi (Fig. 12). Body length 7.0–11.0 mm	S.pellucidus Smith
–	Tyloids on last flagellomeres (at least from F4 onward) usually cover about 1/2 of ventral flagellar surfaces, rarely up to 3/4. Membranous portion of gonostylus smaller (Fig. 6). Body length 6.0–9.0 mm	S.ephippius (Linné)
17	Ocello-ocular area densely punctate, with punctures separated by about one puncture diameter. Gonostylus joining apex and partly inner surface of gonocoxite (Fig. 22). Body length 5.0–7.5 mm	S.puncticeps Thomson
–	Ocello-ocular area sparsely punctate, with punctures separated by 1–3 puncture diameters. Gonostylus joining only apex of gonocoxite (Fig. 8)	18
18	F2 shorter, 1.4–1.6 times as long as wide. Tyloids on the flagellomeres extend across 1/4–1/2 of ventral flagellar surfaces. Body length 3.5–6.0 mm	S.longulus Hagens
–	F2 longer, 1.7–1.8 times as long as wide. Tyloids on the flagellomeres extend across 1/2–3/4 of ventral flagellar surfaces. Body length 4.0–5.0 mm	S.turanicus Astafurova & Proshchalykin
19	T1 densely punctate. Face with appressed white pubescence below and above the antennal toruli	20
–	T1 impunctate or with sparse punctures (in S.miniatus sometimes relatively densely punctate). Face with appressed white pubescence only below the antennal toruli	22
20	Tyloids variable, covering 1/2–4/5 flagellar ventral surfaces. Membranous portion of gonostylus small, triangular (Fig. 17)	S.schwarzi Astafurova & Proshchalykin
–	Tyloids covering from 3/4 to entire ventral flagellar surfaces. Membranous portion of gonostylus large, close to rectangular (Figs 10, 20)	21
21	Antenna longer, F2 1.4 times as long as wide (Fig. 55). Membranous portion of gonostylus almost straight on inner edge (Fig. 20). Body length 5.0–7.5 mm	S.pinguiculus Pérez
–	Antenna shorter, F2 1.2 times as long as wide (Fig. 56). Membranous portion of gonostylus weakly S-curved on inner edge (Fig. 10). Body length 5.0–7.5 mm	S.intermedius Blüthgen
22	Pronotum, between dorsal and lateral surfaces, rounded, not angulate (Fig. 36)	23
–	Pronotum, between dorsal and lateral surfaces, with sharp angle (Fig. 35)	26
23	Tyloids on flagellomeres covering less than 1/3 of ventral flagellar surfaces. Membranous portion of gonostylus larger, trapezoidal (Fig. 5). Body length 6.0–9.0 mm	S.ferruginatus Hagens
–	Tyloids on flagellomeres (at least from F4 onward) covering about 1/2–3/4 or entire of ventral flagellar surfaces. Membranous portion of gonostylus smaller, oval or almost square (Figs 13, 16, 24)	24
24	Clypeus with fine, simple and sparsely plumose setae, sculpturing clearly visible (Fig. 33). Membranous portion of gonostylus square (Fig. 13). Body length 6.0–7.0 mm	S.maruyamanus Tsuneki
–	Clypeus with densely plumose setae, partly obscuring sculpturing (Fig. 34). Membranous portion of gonostylus close to oval	25
25	Antenna short, middle flagellomeres as long as or slightly longer than wide. Tyloids on flagellomeres covering entire of ventral flagellar surfaces. Membranous portion of gonostylus longer, reach penis valve (Fig. 16). Body length 5.5–6.5 mm	S.murotai Tsuneki
–	Antenna long, flagellomeres (from F3 onward) 1.2–1.3 times as long as wide. Tyloids on flagellomeres (at least from F4 onward) covering about 1/2–3/4 of ventral flagellar surfaces. Membranous portion of gonostylus shorter, not reach penis valve (Fig. 24). Body length 6.0–7.0 mm	S.tanoi Tsuneki
26	F2 short, 0.9–1.0 times as long as F3. Tyloids on flagellomeres (at least from F4 onward) usually cover entire ventral flagellar surfaces. Gonostylus with trapezoidal membranous portion (Fig. 7). Body length 5.0–6.5 mm	S.geoffrellus (Kirby)
–	F2 longer, 1.1–1.2 as long as F3. Tyloids on flagellomeres shorter, covering at most 4/5 the ventral flagellar surfaces (in S.miniatus tyloids on last flagellomeres rare cover entire ventral flagellar surfaces)	27
27	Tyloids on flagellomeres covering more than 3/4 flagellar ventral surfaces. Gonostylus with large, trapezoidal membranous portion (Fig. 14). Body length 4.0–6.0 mm	S.miniatus Hagens
–	Felt-like areas on flagellomeres cover less 1/3 underside of flagellomere. Gonostylus with oval membranous portion or without one	28
28	Head less transverse, 1.05 times as wide as long. Mesoscutum sparsely punctate, medially with punctures mostly separated by 1–3 puncture diameters. T1–T3 usually red, rarely terga entirely black. Gonostylus with oval membranous portion (Fig. 3). Body length 5.0–7.0 mm	S.crassus Thomson
–	Head more transverse, at least 1.15 times as wide as long. Mesoscutum very densely punctate, with confluent punctures (areolate). Terga usually wholly black, rare T1 dark red. Gonostylus without membranous portion (Fig. 11). Body length 7.5–8.5 mm	S.laticaudatus Tsuneki

1	Hind wing with basal (M) vein weakly curved; costal margin with 7–14 hamuli. Usually large species: total body length 6.0–15.0 mm	2
–	Hind wing with basal (M) vein strongly curved; costal margin with 5–6 hamuli. Large or small species: total body length 5.5–11.0 mm	10
2	Vertex less elevated (distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus less two lateral ocellar diameters as seen in frontal view), with longitudinal sharp carina (Fig. 37)	3
–	Vertex more elevated (distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus more two lateral ocellar diameters as seen in frontal view), acarinate, but sometimes with weak (indistinct) longitudinal ridge	5
3	Face and gena with sparse, semi-erect, gray pubescence not obscuring integument. T1 with finer punctures (3–10 μm). Body length 6.0–8.0 mm	S.cristatus Hagens
–	Face and gena with dense, appressed, snow-white pubescence obscuring integument. T1 with coarser punctures (10–30 μm)	4
4	Mesoscutum coarsely punctate (25–75 μm). T2 with marginal zone impunctate. Larger: body length 8.0–11.0 mm	S . olivieri Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau
–	Mesoscutum relatively finely punctate (25–40 μm). T2 with marginal zone distinctly punctate. Smaller: body length 6.5–8.5 mm	S.pectoralis Morawitz
5	Gena flat. Preoccipital lateral carina developed (Fig. 40). Body length 9.0–12.0 mm	S.scabricollis Wesmael
–	Gena swollen. Preoccipital carina not developed	6
6	Vertex shorter, distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus about 2 lateral ocellar diameters as seen in dorsal view (Fig. 42). T4 with marginal zone punctate and smooth between punctures or finely tessellate without punctures	7
–	Vertex longer, distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus equal to 2.5–3.0 lateral ocellar diameters as seen in dorsal view (Fig. 41). T4 with marginal zone impunctate, smooth (rarely indistinctly tessellate)	8
7	T4 with marginal zone impunctate, finely tessellate (Fig. 46); T1 finely punctate (10–15 μm). Mesoscutum usually densely punctate, medially with punctures separated by not more than 1–3 puncture diameters, sometimes sparser. Body length 7.0–10.0 mm	S.reticulatus Thomson
–	T4 with marginal zone distinctly punctate, smooth between punctures (rarely indistinctly tessellate) (Fig. 45); T1 coarsely punctate (15–25 μm). Mesoscutum usually sparsely punctate, medially with punctures separated by mostly 2–4 puncture diameters. Body length 8.0–11.0 mm	S.alternatus Smith
8	Mesoscutum densely punctate, with punctures separated by less than a puncture diameter (Fig. 47). Body length 9.0–12.0 mm	S.albilabris (Fabricius)
–	Mesoscutum sparsely punctate, medially with punctures separated by at least 2 puncture diameters (Fig. 50)	9
9	Head rounded-rectangular on upper margin, square-shaped as seen in frontal view (Fig. 32); vertex sparsely punctate, punctures mostly separated by more than a puncture diameter. Pygidial plate equal or slightly narrower than metabasitarsus. T1 usually indistinctly punctate, with a few very fine punctures. Body length 7.0–10.0 mm	S.monilicornis (Kirby)
–	Head uniformly rounded on upper margin, oval as seen in frontal view (Fig. 28); vertex densely punctate, punctures mostly separated by less than a puncture diameter. Pygidial plate 0.5–0.6 times as wide as metabasitarsus. T1 distinctly punctate, with fine and coarser punctures. Body length 7.0–15.0 mm	S.gibbus (Linnaeus) and S.nippon Meyer
	Females of this vicarious species are very difficult to distinguish morphologically; however, S.nippon is distributed in China to Gansu on the West, whereas S.gibbus is distributed in China to Xinjiang on the East.
10	Mandible simple (without an inner tooth)	11
–	Mandible bidentate	13
11	Head narrower, at most 1.15 times as wide as long (Fig. 26). Body length 4.0–6.0 mm	S.longulus Hagens
–	Head broader, 1.2–1.3 times as wide as long	12
12	Face, gena and mesepisternum with gray, sparse, semi-erect pubescence, not obscuring integument. Metasoma coarsely punctate (10–15 μm). Pygidial plate as wide as metabasitarsus. Body length 5.0–8.0 mm	S.puncticeps Thomson
–	Face, gena and mesepisternum with dense, snow-white, appressed, pubescence obscuring integument (Fig. 31). Metasoma finely punctate (3–5 μm). Pygidial plate 1.2 times as wide as metabasitarsus	S.turanicus Astafurova & Proshchalykin
13	Pygidial plate at least 1.2 times wider than metabasitarsus, usually dull. Mesoscutum densely punctate, punctures usually separated by less than two puncture diameters. Total body length 7.0–11.0 mm	14
–	Pygidial plate equal to or narrower than metabasitarsus, shiny. Mesoscutum usually sparsely punctate, disc medially with punctures separated by more than two puncture diameters. Total body length 4.0–9.0 mm	18
14	Vertex with longitudinal carina (Figs 38, 39)	15
–	Vertex without longitudinal carina	16
15	Vertex with obvious longitudinal carina (Fig. 38). Setae on scape shorter than width of scape. Pygidial plate 1.2–1.4 times wider than metabasitarsus. Body length 7.0–9.0 mm	S.pieli Cockerell
–	Vertex with weakly visible longitudinal carina (Fig. 39). Setae on scape distinctly longer than width of scape (not obviously in old females). Pygidial plate 1.4–1.5 times wider than metabasitarsus. Body length 8.0–9.0 mm	S.kozlovi Astafurova & Proshchalykin
16	Pygidial plate 1.6–1.7 times as wide as metabasitarsus. Gena wider, 0.8 times as wide as eye in lateral view. Mesoscutum densely punctate, with punctures separated by at most a puncture diameter (Fig. 51). Body length 7.5–10.0 mm	S.laticaudatus Tsuneki
–	Pygidial plate 1.2–1.5 times as wide as metabasitarsus. Gena narrower, 0.7 times as wide as eye in lateral view. Mesoscutum sparsely punctate, medially with punctures usually separated by 1–2 puncture diameters (Fig. 52)	17
17	Head more transverse, 1.30–1.35 times as wide as long; vertex, behind ocelli, not elevated in frontal view. Setae on scape distinctly longer than width of scape. Pygidial plate 1.3–1.5 times as wide as metabasitarsus	S.pellucidus Smith
–	Head less transverse, 1.20–1.25 times wider than long; vertex, behind ocelli, weakly elevated. Setae on scape shorter than width of scape. Pygidial plate 1.2–1.4 times as wide as metabasitarsus	S.ephippius (Linné) and S.grahami Cockerell
	Females of these species are very difficult to distinguish morphologically; however, S.ehippius is distributed in North-West China (Xinjiang), whereas S.grahami is recorded from Central, South and East China; the male of S.grahami is unknown
18	Clypeus densely punctate, punctures separated by less than one puncture diameter. Pronotum, between dorsal and lateral surfaces, rounded, not angulate (Fig. 36)	19
–	Clypeus sparsely punctate, punctures separated by at least one puncture diameter. Pronotum, between dorsal and lateral surfaces, with sharp angle (Fig. 35)	22
19	Hind femur narrow, regularly pointed toward distal end, its length more than 3.5 times its maximum width. Body length 6.0–7.5 mm	S.maruyamanus Tsuneki
–	Hind femur widened in proximal half, its length at most 3 times its maximum width	20
20	Vertex, behind ocelli, weakly elevated in frontal view (Fig. 25). Body length 6.0–9.0 mm	S.ferruginatus Hagens
–	Vertex not elevated in frontal view (Fig. 30)	21
21	Thorax ventrally with sculpture finer that on sides (Fig. 44). Pygidial plate slightly narrower than metabasitarsus. Body length 6–7 mm	S.tanoi Tsuneki
–	Thorax ventrally with sculpture as coarse as that on sides (Fig. 43). Pygidial plate as wide as metabasitarsus. Body length 5.5–6.5 mm	S.murotai Tsuneki
22	Vertex longer, distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus equal to about 3–3.5 times lateral ocellar diameters as seen in dorsal view. Upper half of gena with appressed, dense pubescence obscuring integument	23
–	Vertex shorter, distance from top of head to upper margin of lateral ocellus equal to about two lateral ocellar diameters as seen in dorsal view. Gena with erect, sparse pubescence	24
23	Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum very sparsely punctate, with tiny punctures separated by 1–7 diameters (Fig. 48). Body length 5.0–7.0 mm	S.pinguiculus Pérez
–	Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum more densely punctate, with coarse punctures separated by 1–3 puncture diameters (Fig. 49). Body length 6.5–8.5 mm	S.intermedius Blüthgen
24	F3 transverse, 0.6–0.7 times as long as wide, as long as F1. Pygidial plate 0.9–1.0 as wide as metabasitarsus	25
–	F3 square, as long as wide, longer than F1 Pygidial plate 0.6–0.8 as wide as metabasitarsus	26
25	Paraocular area with dense, strongly plumose setae below the antennal toruli (Fig. 29). Body length 4.5–5.5 mm	S.schwarzi Astafurova & Proshchalykin
–	Face with sparse, simple and weakly plumose setae (Fig. 27). Body length 4.0–6.0 mm	S.miniatus Hagens
26	Head more transverse, 1.25 times as wide as long. Labrum trapezoidal, 0.7 times as long as wide. Hind femur strongly enlarged on proximal half, maximum width 0.4 times its length. Body length 5.0–8.0 mm	S.crassus Thomson
–	Head less transverse, 1.1 times as wide as long. Labrum semicircular, 0.5 times as long as width. Hind femur weakly enlarged on proximal half, maximum width 0.35 times its length. Body length 4.5–6.5 mm	S.geoffrellus (Kirby)

(Females of this vicarious species are very difficult to distinguish morphologically; however, is distributed in China to Gansu on the West, whereas is distributed in China to Xinjiang on the East).

(Females of these species are very difficult to distinguish morphologically; however, is distributed in North-West China (Xinjiang), whereas is recorded from Central, South and East China; the male of is unknown).