Joshua Havelin1,2, Tamara King3,4,5. 1. Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04043, USA. 2. Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA. 3. Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04043, USA. tking6@une.edu. 4. Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA. tking6@une.edu. 5. Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd., Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA. tking6@une.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The goal of this review is to provide a broad overview of the current understanding of mechanisms underlying bone and joint pain. RECENT FINDINGS: Bone or joint pathology is generally accompanied by local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and neurotransmitters that activate and sensitize sensory nerves resulting in an amplified pain signal. Modulation of the pain signal within the spinal cord and brain that result in net increased facilitation is proposed to contribute to the development of chronic pain. Great strides have been made in our understanding of mechanisms underlying bone and joint pain that will guide development of improved therapeutic options for these patients. Continued research is required for improved understanding of mechanistic differences driving different components of bone and/or joint pain such as movement related pain compared to persistent background pain. Advances will guide development of more individualized and comprehensive therapeutic options.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The goal of this review is to provide a broad overview of the current understanding of mechanisms underlying bone and joint pain. RECENT FINDINGS: Bone or joint pathology is generally accompanied by local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and neurotransmitters that activate and sensitize sensory nerves resulting in an amplified pain signal. Modulation of the pain signal within the spinal cord and brain that result in net increased facilitation is proposed to contribute to the development of chronic pain. Great strides have been made in our understanding of mechanisms underlying bone and joint pain that will guide development of improved therapeutic options for these patients. Continued research is required for improved understanding of mechanistic differences driving different components of bone and/or joint pain such as movement related pain compared to persistent background pain. Advances will guide development of more individualized and comprehensive therapeutic options.
Entities:
Keywords:
Central sensitization; Chronic pain; Nociception; Peripheral sensitization; Spinal
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