Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of decitabine in combination with lower-dose CAG regimen (G-CSF, cytarabine and aclarubicin; D-CAG regimen) in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes with excess blasts (MDS-EB) and acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC), compared to standard CAG regimen. Methods: A total of 42 patients with newly diagnosed MDS-EB and AML-MRC from May 2011 to March 2017 were included in the retrospective study. 21 cases were initially treated with G-CSF for priming, in combination with cytarabine of 10 mg/m(2) q12h for 14 days and aclarubicin of 20 mg/d for 4 days (CAG regimen) and the other 21 cases were initially treated with decitabine of 20 mg/m(2) for 5 days and lower-dose CAG regimen (cytarabine of 10 mg/m(2) q12h for 7 days, aclarubicin of 10 mg/d for 4 days, and G-CSF for priming (D-CAG regimen). After two cycles of induction chemotherapy, the patients who obtained complete remission(CR) received consolidation chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Results: Among a total of 42 patients, the median age was 52.5 years (18-65 years) and 64.3% of them were male. Baseline characteristics of patients between D-CAG group and CAG group showed no significant differences. The CR for patients in D-CAG group was 81.0% (17/21), compared to 52.4% (11/21) in CAG group after 2 cycles of therapy (χ(2)=3.857, P=0.050). The overall response rate (ORR) for patients in D-CAG group and CAG group was 85.7% (18/21) and 76.2% (15/21) respectively, without significant difference (χ(2)=1.273, P=0.259). By December 2017, the median follow-up of D-CAG group and CAG group was 13(6-32) months and 15(2-36) months respectively. Finally, 10 patients in D-CAG group and 7 patients in CAG group received HSCT respectively. Except patients receiving HSCT, the median leukemia-free survival (LFS) time for patients in D-CAG group and CAG group was 18.0 (95%CI 6.6-29.4) months and 11.0 (95%CI 0-23.9) months respectively. Probabilities of 12 months LFS for D-CAG group and CAG group were (63.6±14.5)% and (50.0±13.4)% respectively, without difference (χ(2)=0.049, P=0.824). Except patients receiving HSCT, there were 2 deaths in D-CAG group and 7 deaths in CAG group respectively. The cumulative probabilities of 12 months OS for non-HSCT patients in D-CAG group and CAG group were (90.9±8.7)% and (61.5±13.5)% respectively, without significant difference (χ(2)=1.840, P=0.175). The incidences of side effects between D-CAG group and CAG group did not show significant differences (P=0.479), and the main side effects included cytopenias, pneumonia, infections of skin and soft tissues, neutropenic patients with fever, liver dysfunction. Conclusion: The decitabine in combination with lower-dose CAG regimen improved CR for patients with MDS-EB and AML-MRC, and was a promising choice.
Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of decitabine in combination with lower-dose CAG regimen (G-CSF, cytarabine and aclarubicin; D-CAG regimen) in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes with excess blasts (MDS-EB) and acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC), compared to standard CAG regimen. Methods: A total of 42 patients with newly diagnosed MDS-EB and AML-MRC from May 2011 to March 2017 were included in the retrospective study. 21 cases were initially treated with G-CSF for priming, in combination with cytarabine of 10 mg/m(2) q12h for 14 days and aclarubicin of 20 mg/d for 4 days (CAG regimen) and the other 21 cases were initially treated with decitabine of 20 mg/m(2) for 5 days and lower-dose CAG regimen (cytarabine of 10 mg/m(2) q12h for 7 days, aclarubicin of 10 mg/d for 4 days, and G-CSF for priming (D-CAG regimen). After two cycles of induction chemotherapy, the patients who obtained complete remission(CR) received consolidation chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Results: Among a total of 42 patients, the median age was 52.5 years (18-65 years) and 64.3% of them were male. Baseline characteristics of patients between D-CAG group and CAG group showed no significant differences. The CR for patients in D-CAG group was 81.0% (17/21), compared to 52.4% (11/21) in CAG group after 2 cycles of therapy (χ(2)=3.857, P=0.050). The overall response rate (ORR) for patients in D-CAG group and CAG group was 85.7% (18/21) and 76.2% (15/21) respectively, without significant difference (χ(2)=1.273, P=0.259). By December 2017, the median follow-up of D-CAG group and CAG group was 13(6-32) months and 15(2-36) months respectively. Finally, 10 patients in D-CAG group and 7 patients in CAG group received HSCT respectively. Except patients receiving HSCT, the median leukemia-free survival (LFS) time for patients in D-CAG group and CAG group was 18.0 (95%CI 6.6-29.4) months and 11.0 (95%CI 0-23.9) months respectively. Probabilities of 12 months LFS for D-CAG group and CAG group were (63.6±14.5)% and (50.0±13.4)% respectively, without difference (χ(2)=0.049, P=0.824). Except patients receiving HSCT, there were 2 deaths in D-CAG group and 7 deaths in CAG group respectively. The cumulative probabilities of 12 months OS for non-HSCT patients in D-CAG group and CAG group were (90.9±8.7)% and (61.5±13.5)% respectively, without significant difference (χ(2)=1.840, P=0.175). The incidences of side effects between D-CAG group and CAG group did not show significant differences (P=0.479), and the main side effects included cytopenias, pneumonia, infections of skin and soft tissues, neutropenic patients with fever, liver dysfunction. Conclusion: The decitabine in combination with lower-dose CAG regimen improved CR for patients with MDS-EB and AML-MRC, and was a promising choice.
MDS-EB对常规化疗不敏感,IPSS评分中危-2及高危的MDS向AML转化的风险极高。AML-MRC目前被认为是一种特殊类型的白血病,与AML-MRC相似,鉴于此类型患者多存在不良因素(如高龄、预后不良核型、一般状态差、常合并心肾等重要脏器疾病、耐药率高等),不能耐受标准剂量的化疗,且CR率低,因此对于不能耐受移植的MDS和AML-MRC患者,寻找低毒、高效的治疗方案非常重要。尽管一些新药相继出现,包括核苷类似物氟达拉滨和沙帕他滨、去甲基化药物DAC和阿扎胞苷等,但目前尚无这些药物治疗MDS-EB和AML-MRC的深入研究,NCCN及中国专家共识[17]均未给出特殊治疗方案。DAC是一种脱氧胞苷类似物,通过降低DNA甲基化水平,使得沉默的抑癌基因恢复活性,刺激肿瘤细胞分化或凋亡,从而达到治疗肿瘤的目的。小剂量DAC主要用于治疗MDS,可改善生活质量[8]–[10],延迟向白血病转化[11],但对OS率无影响[10]。DAC单药用于治疗AML的报道有限。超小剂量DAC(10 mg/d×10 d)用于治疗中高危MDS和难治性AML的ORR为40%[2]。2016年Welch等[12]报道了使用20 mg·m−2·d−1×10 d或5 d DAC治疗116例具有不良遗传学异常和分子学异常或TP53异常的AML或MDS患者结果,其缓解率要高于低中危(71例)的AML/MDS患者,其中高危患者(43例)有效率为67%,TP53异常患者(21例)的有效率为100%,而中低危患者有效率为34%。DAC无法清除这些患者中所有的白血病特异性突变,因此维持缓解的时间有限。而后又有研究将DAC与其他化疗方案结合以期获得更高疗效[18]–[19]。CAG方案在亚洲广泛使用,日本Yamada等[13]报道CAG方案用于治疗难治性AML的CR率为62%~86%,中位生存期为8~17个月。一项Meta分析收集了1995–2010年间发表的35个临床试验结果,共1 029例患者,其中CAG方案治疗初治AML的CR率为56.7%,治疗MDS-RAEB的CR率为45.7%[1]。本研究中,DAC联合半量CAG治疗MDS-EB、AML-MRC的CR率为81.0%、ORR为85.7%,CR率明显高于CAG组(52.4%,P=0.050)。而且,D-CAG组累积OS率和6个月DFS率高于CAG组,虽然无统计学意义,但初步结论仍提示着DAC联合半量CAG可提高患者OS和DFS率。目前发表的小剂量DAC联合半量CAG、改良CAG或全量CAG方案的研究见表3,较大型报道为Qian等[14]报道的85例和王萍[2]报道的60例,二者CR率分别为64.7%和20%。王萍使用10 mg/d×5 d DAC+全量CAG方案,Qian等使用15 mg·m−2·d−1×5 d DAC+半量CAG方案,后者的CR率明显高于前者。而本研究数据又高于Qian等的报道,考虑原因可能由于本组患者中位年龄(52.5岁)明显低于Qian等研究中患者中位年龄(68岁),且Qian等研究中MDS-RAEB2患者约占一半。Wang等[16]多中心MDS患者移植数据显示,接受HSCT患者13个月的累积OS率为70%~80%,而本研究D-CAG组非移植患者中位随访13个月的OS率为77.9%,与Wang等[16]HSCT患者OS水平相当;但Wang等[16]研究中高危MDS患者移植后4年累积OS率仍可接近60%,而本研究随访时间较短,D-CAG方案能否改善非移植患者长期生存情况,尚需追踪长期随访结果。
表3
小剂量地西他滨(DAC)联合CAG方案治疗MDS和AML文献资料
参考文献
例数
疾病类型
治疗方案
疗效
DAC剂量
联合化疗方案
CR例数
CR率(%)
有效例数
有效率(%)
王萍[2]
60
中高危MDS和难治性AML
10 mg/d×5 d
全量CAG
12
20.0
19
44.0
高苏等[3]
23
MDS/AML
20 mg·m−2·d−1×3~5 d
半量CAG
8
34.9
13
56.5
乔爱国[5]
9
中高危MDS
14 mg·m−2·d−1×5 d
小剂量CAG
4
44.4
8
88.9
吕茹迪等[6]
16
中高危MDS
25 mg·m−2·d−1×3 d
半量CAG
6
37.5
12
75.0
张云平等[7]
12
中高危MDS
15 mg·m−2·d−1×5 d
半量CAG
9
75.0
12
91.7
Li等[14]
85
AML
15 mg·m−2·d−1×5 d
半量CAG
55
64.7
70
82.4
杨梨等[15]
9
中高危MDS
15 mg·m−2·d−1×5 d
半量CAG
9
100.0
9
100.0
注:MDS:骨髓增生异常综合征;AML:急性髓系白血病;半量CAG:阿糖胞苷10 mg/m2每12 h 1次×7 d,阿克拉霉素10~20 mg/d×3~4 d,G-CSF 300 µg/d×14 d;小剂量CAG:阿糖胞苷10 mg/m2每12 h 1次×7 d,阿克拉霉素10 mg·m−2·d−1×4 d,G-CSF 200 µg·m−2·d−1×14 d
注:MDS:骨髓增生异常综合征;AML:急性髓系白血病;半量CAG:阿糖胞苷10 mg/m2每12 h 1次×7 d,阿克拉霉素10~20 mg/d×3~4 d,G-CSF 300 µg/d×14 d;小剂量CAG:阿糖胞苷10 mg/m2每12 h 1次×7 d,阿克拉霉素10 mg·m−2·d−1×4 d,G-CSF 200 µg·m−2·d−1×14 dDAC治疗后的主要不良反应为骨髓抑制及其所致的肺部感染,经过积极的抗感染治疗及输血、G-CSF等对症支持治疗后,不良反应得到了有效控制。ADOPT临床试验中,使用DAC的患者中肺部感染的发生率为11%,低于我本研究D-CAG组患者的42.9%,不除外粒细胞缺乏期患者共用病房等客观因素所致差距。本研究中,D-CAG组与CAG组患者的不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。本研究初步表明DAC联合半量CAG方案治疗MDS-EB及AML-MRC有效,但由于样本量小,研究结果在统计学上可能存在偏倚,DAC是否能改善此群患者的生存有待多中心前瞻性大样本临床研究进一步证实。
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