Sandra Giménez1,2,3,4, Laura Videla5, Sergio Romero6,7, Bessy Benejam5, Susana Clos2,3, Susana Fernández5, Maribel Martínez2, Maria Carmona-Iragui5,8,9, Rosa M Antonijoan2,3, Mercedes Mayos1,10, Ana Fortuna1, Patricia Peñacoba1, Vicente Plaza1,10, Ricardo S Osorio11, Ram A Sharma11, Ignasi Bardés5, Anne-Sophie Rebillat12, Alberto Lleó8,9, Rafael Blesa8,9, Sebastian Videla5,13, Juan Fortea5,8,9. 1. Multidisciplinary Sleep Unit, Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain. 2. Drug Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Research Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 3. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades en Salud Mental CIBERSAM Spain. 4. Department of Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain. 5. Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana de Síndrome de Down Memory Unit, Barcelona, Spain. 6. Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Department of Automatic Control, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. 7. CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain. 8. Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. 9. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas. 10. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CibeRes), Spain. 11. Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York. 12. Institut Jérôme Lejeune, París, France. 13. Clinical Research Support Unit. Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep problems are often undetected in adults with Down syndrome (DS). Our objective was to determine the prevalence of sleep disorders in adults with DS through self-reported and objective sleep measures. METHODS: We performed a community-based cross-sectional study of 54 adults with DS not referred for sleep disorders. Two polysomnography (PSG) sleep studies were performed. Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); daytime sleepiness was evaluated using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the risk for the sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) was identified using the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ). Participants' sleep/wake pattern was assessed from sleep diaries and by wrist actigraphy. PSQI, ESS, and PSG measures were compared with 35 sex-, age-, and body mass index-matched patients in the control groups. RESULTS: In PSG measures, adults with DS showed lower sleep efficiency (69 ± 17.7 versus 81.6 ± 11; P < .001), less rapid eye movement sleep (9.4 ± 5.8 versus 19.4 ± 5.1; P < .001), a higher prevalence of OSA (78% versus 14%; P < .001), and a higher apnea-hypopnea index (23.5 ± 24.5 versus 3.8 ± 10.5; P < .001) than patients in the control group. In the DS group, the questionnaires (mean PSQI 3.7 ± 2.9; mean ESS 6.3 ± 4.5 and mean BQ 1 ± 0) did not reflect the sleep disturbances detected on the PSG. Actigraphy data recorded daytime sleep that was not self-reported (118.2 ± 104.2 minutes). CONCLUSIONS: Adults with DS show severe sleep disruption and a high prevalence of OSA, undetected by self-reported sleep measures. Actigraphy, PSG, and validated simplified devices for screening OSA should be routinely recommended for this population because treatment of sleep disorders can contribute to healthy aging.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep problems are often undetected in adults with Down syndrome (DS). Our objective was to determine the prevalence of sleep disorders in adults with DS through self-reported and objective sleep measures. METHODS: We performed a community-based cross-sectional study of 54 adults with DS not referred for sleep disorders. Two polysomnography (PSG) sleep studies were performed. Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); daytime sleepiness was evaluated using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the risk for the sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) was identified using the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ). Participants' sleep/wake pattern was assessed from sleep diaries and by wrist actigraphy. PSQI, ESS, and PSG measures were compared with 35 sex-, age-, and body mass index-matched patients in the control groups. RESULTS: In PSG measures, adults with DS showed lower sleep efficiency (69 ± 17.7 versus 81.6 ± 11; P < .001), less rapid eye movement sleep (9.4 ± 5.8 versus 19.4 ± 5.1; P < .001), a higher prevalence of OSA (78% versus 14%; P < .001), and a higher apnea-hypopnea index (23.5 ± 24.5 versus 3.8 ± 10.5; P < .001) than patients in the control group. In the DS group, the questionnaires (mean PSQI 3.7 ± 2.9; mean ESS 6.3 ± 4.5 and mean BQ 1 ± 0) did not reflect the sleep disturbances detected on the PSG. Actigraphy data recorded daytime sleep that was not self-reported (118.2 ± 104.2 minutes). CONCLUSIONS: Adults with DS show severe sleep disruption and a high prevalence of OSA, undetected by self-reported sleep measures. Actigraphy, PSG, and validated simplified devices for screening OSA should be routinely recommended for this population because treatment of sleep disorders can contribute to healthy aging.
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