Jessica Bear1, Natalie Rollick2, David Helfet3. 1. Orthopedic Trauma Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weil Cornell College of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 71st Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA. bearj@hss.edu. 2. Orthopedic Trauma Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weil Cornell College of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 71st Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA. 3. Weill Cornell Medical College, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Tibial plafond, or pilon, fractures can be some of the most difficult fractures to manage. As they are often associated with high-energy trauma, both the soft tissue involvement and the comminuted fracture pattern pose challenges to fixation. Furthermore, the complex anatomy and trauma to the cartilage at the time of injury predispose pilon fractures to poor functional outcomes and high rates of posttraumatic arthritis. This review will discuss the recent developments in the treatment of tibial pilon fractures. RECENT FINDINGS: Historically, surgical management of pilon fractures has been associated with high rates of complications, including wound complications, infections, nonunions, and even the need for amputation. In response, staged protocols were created. However, recent studies have called this into question, demonstrating low wound complications with early definitive fixation. Additional studies are evaluating adjuvants to minimize wound complications, including the use of vancomycin powder and oxygen supplementation, while another study challenges the 7-cm myth regarding the distance needed between skin incisions. Additional research has been focused on alternative methods of managing these complex, and sometimes non-reconstructable, injuries with the use of external fixation, minimally invasive internal fixation, and primary arthrodesis. Tibial pilon fractures remain difficult to treat for even the most skilled orthopedic trauma surgeons. With improvements in surgical techniques and implants, complication rates have declined and outcomes have improved; however, the overall prognosis for these injuries often remains poor.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Tibial plafond, or pilon, fractures can be some of the most difficult fractures to manage. As they are often associated with high-energy trauma, both the soft tissue involvement and the comminuted fracture pattern pose challenges to fixation. Furthermore, the complex anatomy and trauma to the cartilage at the time of injury predispose pilon fractures to poor functional outcomes and high rates of posttraumatic arthritis. This review will discuss the recent developments in the treatment of tibial pilon fractures. RECENT FINDINGS: Historically, surgical management of pilon fractures has been associated with high rates of complications, including wound complications, infections, nonunions, and even the need for amputation. In response, staged protocols were created. However, recent studies have called this into question, demonstrating low wound complications with early definitive fixation. Additional studies are evaluating adjuvants to minimize wound complications, including the use of vancomycin powder and oxygen supplementation, while another study challenges the 7-cm myth regarding the distance needed between skin incisions. Additional research has been focused on alternative methods of managing these complex, and sometimes non-reconstructable, injuries with the use of external fixation, minimally invasive internal fixation, and primary arthrodesis. Tibial pilon fractures remain difficult to treat for even the most skilled orthopedic trauma surgeons. With improvements in surgical techniques and implants, complication rates have declined and outcomes have improved; however, the overall prognosis for these injuries often remains poor.
Authors: Robert V OʼToole; Manjari Joshi; Anthony R Carlini; Robert A Sikorski; Armagan Dagal; Clinton K Murray; Michael J Weaver; Ebrahim Paryavi; Alec C Stall; Daniel O Scharfstein; Julie Agel; Mary Zadnik; Michael J Bosse; Renan C Castillo Journal: J Orthop Trauma Date: 2017-04 Impact factor: 2.512
Authors: Olivier Borens; Peter Kloen; Jeffrey Richmond; Goetz Roederer; David S Levine; David L Helfet Journal: Arch Orthop Trauma Surg Date: 2006-09-02 Impact factor: 3.067
Authors: Ida L Gitajn; Gerard P Slobogean; Eric R Henderson; Arvind G von Keudell; Mitchel B Harris; John A Scolaro; Nathan N O'Hara; Jonathan T Elliott; Brian W Pogue; Shudong Jiang Journal: J Biomed Opt Date: 2020-08 Impact factor: 3.170