Kara M Bensley1,2,3, Kathleen A McGinnis4, John Fortney1,2,5, K C Gary Chan2,6, Julia C Dombrowski7, India Ornelas2, E Jennifer Edelman8,9, Joseph L Goulet4,8, Derek D Satre10,11, Amy C Justice4,8, David A Fiellin4,8,9, Emily C Williams1,2. 1. VA Health Services Research & Development, Denver-Seattle Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington. 2. University of Washington School of Public Health, Department of Health Services, Seattle, Washington. 3. Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, California. 4. VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut. 5. University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Seattle, Washington. 6. University of Washington School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Seattle, Washington. 7. University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Seattle, Washington. 8. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. 9. Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut. 10. University of California, Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco, California. 11. Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, California.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: For people living with HIV (PLWH), alcohol use is harmful and may be influenced by unique challenges faced by PLWH living in rural areas. We describe patterns of alcohol use across rurality among PLWH. METHODS: Veterans Aging Cohort Study electronic health record data were used to identify patients with HIV (ICD-9 codes for HIV or AIDS) who completed AUDIT-C alcohol screening between February 1, 2008, and September 30, 2014. Regression models estimated and compared 4 alcohol use outcomes (any use [AUDIT-C > 0] and alcohol use disorder [AUD; ICD-9 codes for abuse or dependence] diagnoses among all PLWH, and AUDIT-C risk categories: lower- [1-3 men/1-2 women], moderate- [4-5 men/3-5 women], higher- 6-7]), and severe-risk [8-12], and heavy episodic drinking (HED; ≥1 past-year occasion) among PLWH reporting use) across rurality (urban, large rural, small rural) and census-defined region. FINDINGS: Among 32,699 PLWH (29,540 urban, 1,301 large rural, and 1,828 small rural), both any alcohol use and AUD were highest in urban areas, although this varied across region. Predicted prevalence of any alcohol use was 54.1% (53.5%-54.7%) in urban, 49.6% (46.9%-52.3%) in large rural, and 50.6% (48.3%-52.9%) in small rural areas (P < .01). Predicted prevalence of AUD was 14.4% (14.0%-14.8%) in urban, 11.8% (10.0%-13.5%) in large rural, and 12.3% (10.8%-13.8%) in small rural areas (P < .01). Approximately 12% and 25% had higher- or severe-risk drinking and HED, respectively, but neither differed across rurality. CONCLUSION: Though some variation across rurality and region was observed, alcohol-related interventions are needed for PLWH across all geographic locations.
BACKGROUND: For people living with HIV (PLWH), alcohol use is harmful and may be influenced by unique challenges faced by PLWH living in rural areas. We describe patterns of alcohol use across rurality among PLWH. METHODS: Veterans Aging Cohort Study electronic health record data were used to identify patients with HIV (ICD-9 codes for HIV or AIDS) who completed AUDIT-C alcohol screening between February 1, 2008, and September 30, 2014. Regression models estimated and compared 4 alcohol use outcomes (any use [AUDIT-C > 0] and alcohol use disorder [AUD; ICD-9 codes for abuse or dependence] diagnoses among all PLWH, and AUDIT-C risk categories: lower- [1-3 men/1-2 women], moderate- [4-5 men/3-5 women], higher- 6-7]), and severe-risk [8-12], and heavy episodic drinking (HED; ≥1 past-year occasion) among PLWH reporting use) across rurality (urban, large rural, small rural) and census-defined region. FINDINGS: Among 32,699 PLWH (29,540 urban, 1,301 large rural, and 1,828 small rural), both any alcohol use and AUD were highest in urban areas, although this varied across region. Predicted prevalence of any alcohol use was 54.1% (53.5%-54.7%) in urban, 49.6% (46.9%-52.3%) in large rural, and 50.6% (48.3%-52.9%) in small rural areas (P < .01). Predicted prevalence of AUD was 14.4% (14.0%-14.8%) in urban, 11.8% (10.0%-13.5%) in large rural, and 12.3% (10.8%-13.8%) in small rural areas (P < .01). Approximately 12% and 25% had higher- or severe-risk drinking and HED, respectively, but neither differed across rurality. CONCLUSION: Though some variation across rurality and region was observed, alcohol-related interventions are needed for PLWH across all geographic locations.
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