Ultrasonography, an operator-dependent modality versus dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) in the detection of chondrocalcinosis: with regard to Tanikawa et al.'s study.

To the editor

I read with interest the article by Tanikawa et al. [1] that appeared recently in the Journal of Orthopedics Surgery Research. Greatly, this is an interesting paper about the role of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) in the detection of chondrocalcinosis. However, I believe authors gave much more emphasis to the operator-dependent, a well-known obstacle in musculoskeletal sonography.

Certainly, musculoskeletal ultrasonography as many other diagnostic modalities requires several months of training. Good multiplanar sonographic images rely on adequate understanding about the machine tributes, optimization of the image, and a precise transducer positioning. Skilled operators will be able in many instances to avoid or correct common artifacts and pitfalls. Also, profound knowledge about anatomy, anatomical variants, biomechanics, and elementary lesions are crucial in the interpretation of a musculoskeletal sonogram.

Tanikawa et al. [1], however, did not mention in their article about the availability of ultrasound and the possibility to scan several joints with lower expenditures at the same visit. On the other hand, while this paper has appeared, mounts of publications demonstrate that ultrasound is an excellent modality in the diagnosis of chondrocalcinosis. Ultrasonography allows us to get detailed additional information other than the presence of calcium deposits. It can reveal changes on the hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, synovium, tendons, and bone [2].

Deposits of calcium as small as 0.8 mm have been detected in patients with no radiographic chondrocalcinosis [2]. A crystal-minimal distance to the cartilage surface as a predictor of crystal shedding and the distinction of two different sonomorphologic patterns of chondrocalcinosis (with and without radiographic evidence) seems attractive avenues for future investigations [2].

Concerning about the operator-dependent aspect in ultrasonography and contemplating the data is limited in this regard, several reports using ultrasound have showed that the learning curve for some particular musculoskeletal lesions is relatively short [3-5]. Gutierrez et al. [4] found that rheumatologists with limited experience in ultrasound, after a week of training, were able to detect and interpret sonographic change characteristic of monosodium urate crystal deposits in patients with gout. Therefore, some authors stated that the criticism against musculoskeletal ultrasound as an operator-dependent technique should be attenuated [5].

In summary, after considering the cost of ultrasound, the possibility to be done bedside or in the office and the ability to perform as many joints as needed, two questions emerge. First, is the DECT available for a daily practice at the office? Second, is DECT rather than ultrasonography a nonoperator-dependent tool?

The answer to the first question is that DECT is not suit for a daily practice at the office. I agree that the ultrasonography is able to scan several joints at the same visit as well as to scan blood flow at the same time. DECT is more expensive, more invasive, and less available compared to ultrasonography. However, DECT offers several advantages over ultrasonography. First, the DECT can distinguish Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals from sodium urate crystals, which information is helpful for diagnosis. Ward IM reported a case using DECT to diagnose tumoral CPPD mimicking tophaceous gout [6]. DECT may be useful for a case of gout and coexisting pseudogout in the same joint [7]. Second, DECT can detect crystals at deep complex structures. Kim HR documented that DECT was able to detect urate deposits in the atlantoaxial joint, as well as to detect CPPD crystals in the anterior cruciate ligament or posterior cruciate ligament [8, 9]. Finally, we can quantify the pathological lesion three-dimensionally using DECT. This information may be useful in monitoring therapeutic response. The answer to the second question is that DECT is not operator-dependent. The settings of parameters for postprocessing may be different in each hospital, and generated images sometimes contain artifacts especially detecting CPPD crystals, but basically, DECT is not operator-dependent.