Prediction of clinically relevant drug-induced liver injury from structure using machine learning.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most common cause of acute liver failure and often responsible for drug withdrawals from the market. Clinical manifestations vary, and toxicity may or may not appear dose-dependent. We present several machine-learning models (decision tree induction, k-nearest neighbor, support vector machines, artificial neural networks) for the prediction of clinically relevant DILI based solely on drug structure, with data taken from published DILI cases. Our models achieved corrected classification rates of up to 89%. We also studied the association of a drug's interaction with carriers, enzymes and transporters, and the relationship of defined daily doses with hepatotoxicity. The results presented here are useful as a screening tool both in a clinical setting in the assessment of DILI as well as in the early stages of drug development to rule out potentially hepatotoxic candidates.