BACKGROUND: Adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), and small for gestational age (SGA) remain major global problems. We compared pregnancy outcomes among HIV-infected women receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) and with CD4 ≥350 cells, and HIV-uninfected women to assess whether disparities associated with HIV infection have been eliminated through use of ART. SETTING: Observational study conducted at 5 health facilities in Blantyre, Malawi, during 2016-2017. METHODS: HIV-infected women receiving the national ART regimen (efavirenz + lamivudine + tenofovir) and HIV-uninfected women were consented and enrolled at delivery. Data collected included sociodemographic and clinical; gestational age; BW; infant/maternal anthropometry; and laboratory results. We defined PTB as GA <37 weeks; LBW as BW <2·5 kg; and SGA as BW <10th percentile of GA. SGA infants were classified into proportionate and disproportionate based on ponderal index. Descriptive, stratified, and multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Of 5423 women approached, 614 HIV-infected and 685 HIV-uninfected women were enrolled. Rates of PTB, LBW, and SGA were 10.6%, 7.2%, and 17.1% among HIV-infected women on ART and 9.5%, 5.0%, and 18.4% among HIV-uninfected women, respectively. None of these differences were statistically significant in univariate- or multivariate-adjusted analyses (P > 0.05). Of 231 SGA infants, 78.8% were proportionate and 21% were disproportionate. Of the 614 HIV-infected women on ART, 75% had undetectable virus at delivery. CONCLUSIONS: ART use has reduced the high rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes among HIV-infected women. However, the rates remain high irrespective of HIV infection and require appropriate interventions.
BACKGROUND: Adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), and small for gestational age (SGA) remain major global problems. We compared pregnancy outcomes among HIV-infectedwomen receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) and with CD4 ≥350 cells, and HIV-uninfectedwomen to assess whether disparities associated with HIV infection have been eliminated through use of ART. SETTING: Observational study conducted at 5 health facilities in Blantyre, Malawi, during 2016-2017. METHODS:HIV-infectedwomen receiving the national ART regimen (efavirenz + lamivudine + tenofovir) and HIV-uninfectedwomen were consented and enrolled at delivery. Data collected included sociodemographic and clinical; gestational age; BW; infant/maternal anthropometry; and laboratory results. We defined PTB as GA <37 weeks; LBW as BW <2·5 kg; and SGA as BW <10th percentile of GA. SGA infants were classified into proportionate and disproportionate based on ponderal index. Descriptive, stratified, and multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Of 5423 women approached, 614 HIV-infected and 685 HIV-uninfectedwomen were enrolled. Rates of PTB, LBW, and SGA were 10.6%, 7.2%, and 17.1% among HIV-infectedwomen on ART and 9.5%, 5.0%, and 18.4% among HIV-uninfectedwomen, respectively. None of these differences were statistically significant in univariate- or multivariate-adjusted analyses (P > 0.05). Of 231 SGA infants, 78.8% were proportionate and 21% were disproportionate. Of the 614 HIV-infectedwomen on ART, 75% had undetectable virus at delivery. CONCLUSIONS:ART use has reduced the high rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes among HIV-infectedwomen. However, the rates remain high irrespective of HIV infection and require appropriate interventions.
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