Joseph M Kindler1, Joan M Lappe2, Vicente Gilsanz3, Sharon Oberfield4, John A Shepherd5, Andrea Kelly6,7, Karen K Winer8, Heidi J Kalkwarf9, Babette S Zemel1. 1. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 2. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska. 3. Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. 4. Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York. 5. Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. 6. Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 7. Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 8. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. 9. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a cornerstone of pediatric bone health assessment, yet differences in height-for-age confound the interpretation of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) measures. To reduce the confounding of short stature on spine bone density, use of bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) and height-for-age Z-score (HAZ)‒adjusted aBMD (aBMDHAZ) are recommended. However, spine BMAD reference data are sparse, and the degree to which BMAD and aBMDHAZ account for height-related artifacts in bone density remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We developed age-, sex-, and population ancestry‒specific spine BMAD reference ranges; compared height-adjustment methods in accounting for shorter stature; and assessed the stability of these measures over time. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from a previous longitudinal study. PARTICIPANTS: Children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 years at baseline (n = 2014; 922 males; 22% black) from the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lumbar spine BMAD and aBMDHAZ from DXA. RESULTS: Spine BMAD increased nonlinearly with age and was greater in blacks and females (all P < 0.001). Age-specific spine BMAD z-score reference curves were constructed for black and non‒black males and females. Overall, both BMAD and aBMDHAZz scores reduced the confounding influence of shorter stature, but neither was consistently unbiased across all age ranges. Both BMAD and aBMDHAZz scores tracked strongly over 6 years (r = 0.70 to 0.80; all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study provided robust spine BMAD reference ranges and demonstrated that BMAD and aBMDHAZ partially reduced the confounding influence of shorter stature on bone density.
CONTEXT: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a cornerstone of pediatric bone health assessment, yet differences in height-for-age confound the interpretation of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) measures. To reduce the confounding of short stature on spine bone density, use of bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) and height-for-age Z-score (HAZ)‒adjusted aBMD (aBMDHAZ) are recommended. However, spine BMAD reference data are sparse, and the degree to which BMAD and aBMDHAZ account for height-related artifacts in bone density remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We developed age-, sex-, and population ancestry‒specific spine BMAD reference ranges; compared height-adjustment methods in accounting for shorter stature; and assessed the stability of these measures over time. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from a previous longitudinal study. PARTICIPANTS: Children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 years at baseline (n = 2014; 922 males; 22% black) from the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lumbar spine BMAD and aBMDHAZ from DXA. RESULTS: Spine BMAD increased nonlinearly with age and was greater in blacks and females (all P < 0.001). Age-specific spine BMAD z-score reference curves were constructed for black and non‒black males and females. Overall, both BMAD and aBMDHAZz scores reduced the confounding influence of shorter stature, but neither was consistently unbiased across all age ranges. Both BMAD and aBMDHAZz scores tracked strongly over 6 years (r = 0.70 to 0.80; all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study provided robust spine BMAD reference ranges and demonstrated that BMAD and aBMDHAZ partially reduced the confounding influence of shorter stature on bone density.
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