The effect of pleural fluid layers on lung surface wave speed measurement: Experimental and numerical studies on a sponge lung phantom.

Pleural effusion manifests as compression of pleural fluid on the lung parenchyma contributing to hypoxemia. Medical procedures such as drainage of plural fluid releases this compression and increases oxygenation. However, the effect of pleural effusion on the elasticity of lung parenchyma is unknown. By using lung ultrasound surface wave elastography (LUSWE) and finite element method (FEM), the effect of pleural effusion on the elasticity of superficial lung parenchyma in terms of surface wave speed measurement was evaluated in a sponge phantom study. Different thicknesses of ultrasound transmission gel used to simulated pleural fluid were inserted into a condom, which was placed between the sponge and standoff pad. A mechanical shaker was used to generate vibration on the sponge phantom at different frequencies ranging from 100 to 300 Hz while the ultrasound transducer was used to capture the motion for measurement of surface wave speed of the sponge. FEM was conducted based on the experimental setup and numerically assessed the influence of pleural effusion on the surface wave speed of the sponge. We found from FEM experiments that the influence of thickness of ultrasound transmission gel was statistically insignificant on the surface wave speed of the sponge at 100 and 150 Hz.