Literature DB >> 30225108

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of methyl 4-[(E)-2-(5-bromo-2-meth-oxy-benzyl-idene)hydrazin-yl]-3-nitro-benzoate.

Tanvirbanu J Malek1, Sahaj A Gandhi2, Vijay Barot3, Mukesh Patel3, Urmila H Patel4.   

Abstract

The title compound, C16H14BrN3O5, is a novel n class="Chemical">halogen (Br) substituted hydrazine derivative. The hydrazine derivatives were the group of compounds with the general structure, R1R2C=NNH2 (Uppal et al., 2011 ▸), with the central RC=NNH2 moiety bridging two different groups on both sides. An all-trans configuration of the backbone (RC=NNH2) results in an extended mol-ecular conformation. The dihedral angle between the 5-bromo-2-meth-oxy-phenyl ring and the nitrophenyl ring is 4.4 (3)°. Intra-molecular N-H⋯O inter-actions form S(6) graph-set motifs, while C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N inter-actions form S(5) graph-set motifs. Symmetry-related mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O inter-molecular inter-actions forming an R21(10) graph-set motif. There are nearly face-to-face directional specific π-π stacking inter-actions between the centroids of the nitrophenyl ring and the benzene ring of the 5-bromo-2-meth-oxy group [centroid-centroid distance = 3.6121 (5) Å and slippage = 1.115 Å], which also contributes to the mol-ecular packing. The Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed in order to visualize, explore and qu-antify the inter-molecular inter-actions in the crystal lattice of the title compound.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Hirshfeld surface analysis; crystal structure; graph set motif; hydrazine derivative; hydrogen bond

Year:  2018        PMID: 30225108      PMCID: PMC6127684          DOI: 10.1107/S2056989018011325

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun


Chemical context

Hydrazine and its derivatives have attracted much attention due to their synthetic potential for organic and inorganic chemical reactions and diverse useful properties (Levrand et al., 2007 ▸; Li et al., 2011 ▸). n class="Chemical">Hydrazine-based coupling methods are used in medical biotechnology to couple drugs to targeted anti­bodies, e.g. anti­bodies against a certain type of cancer cell (Wu et al., 2005 ▸). Hydrazine possesses diverse biological and pharmacological properties, such as anti­microbial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti­fungal, anti­tubercular, anti­viral, anti­cancer, anti­platelet, anti­malarial, anti­convulsant, cardio-protective, anti­helmintic, anti­protozoal (Rollas & Küçükgüzel, 2007 ▸), anti­trypanosomal and anti­schistosomiasis (Narang et al., 2012 ▸). These compounds contain a C=N bond, which is conjugated with a lone pair of electrons of the functional N atom (Corey & Enders, 1976 ▸). The N atom of the hydrazine is nucleophilic and the C atom has both an electrophilic and a nucleophilic nature (Corey & Enders, 1976 ▸). The α-hydrogen of hydrazine is more potent than that of acidic ketones (Belskaya et al., 2010 ▸). The combination of hydrazine with other functional groups results in new compounds with unique physical and chemical characteristics (Xavier et al., 2012 ▸). Owing to their biological and pharmacological properties, hydrazine derivatives play an important role for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds (Banerjee et al., 2009 ▸).

Structural commentary

Fig. 1 ▸ displays the title mol­ecule with the atom-labelling scheme. Intra­molecular N2—H2A⋯O4 inter­actions form S(6) graph-set motifs and C3—H3⋯O1 and C6—H6⋯n class="Chemical">N3 inter­actions form S(5) graph-set motifs. The central bridging moiety R2C=NNHR1 adopts an all-trans conformation about the C10—C9, C9—N3, N3—N2 and N2—C5 bonds, with torsion angles of 176.0 (6), −178.1 (5), −177.0 (6) and 173.6 (6)°, leading to an extended mol­ecular conformation, thereby causing the terminal bromo­meth­oxy­phenyl ring and nitro­phenyl­ring to occupy almost the same plane; the dihedral angle between the rings is 4.4 (3)°.
Figure 1

The mol­ecular structure of the title compound with the atom-labelling scheme. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level.

Supra­molecular features and Hirshfeld surface analysis

A significant number of weak C—H⋯O, C—H⋯N and n class="Chemical">N—H⋯O intra­molecular inter­actions and C—H⋯O inter­molecular inter­actions (Table 1 ▸), along with direction-specific nearly face-to-face π–π stacking inter­actions, are responsible for the stability of the mol­ecular packing. Inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen-bond inter­actions forming (10) ring (Fig. 2 ▸). There are nearly face-to-face direction-specific π–π stacking inter­actions between the centroids of the nitrophenyl ring (x, y, z) and the benzene ring of the 5-bromo-2-meth­oxy group (x − 1, y, z) [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6121 (5) Å and slippage = 1.115 Å], which also contributes to the mol­ecular packing. The Br atom does not take part in any inter­actions. The nearest Br⋯C7(−x + , y − , −z + ) distance in the mol­ecular structure is 3.6112 (7) Å.
Table 1

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A D—HH⋯A DA D—H⋯A
N2—H2A⋯O40.832.032.635 (3)129
C3—H3⋯O10.932.392.712 (4)100
C6—H6⋯N30.932.402.731 (4)101
C6—H6⋯O4i 0.932.593.444 (5)152
C15—H15⋯O4i 0.932.463.358 (4)161

Symmetry code: (i) .

Figure 2

A view of part of the crystal structure of the title compound, showing the formation of C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds (dashed bonds).

Hirshfeld surface analysis serves as a powerful tool for gaining additional insight into inter­molecular inter­actions of mol­ecular crystals. The Hirshfeld surfaces are mapped with 2D fingerprint plots presented using CrystalExplorer3.1 and it provides a summary of the inter­molecular contacts in the crystal (McKinnon et al., 2004 ▸; Spackman & Jayatilaka, 2009 ▸). The 2D fingerprint plots (Fig. 3 ▸) show that the inter­molecular H⋯H and O⋯H inter­actions dominate and complement the Hirshfeld surfaces. The fingerprint plots can also be decomposed to highlight particular atom-pair close contacts (Luo et al., 2013 ▸) and enables separation of contributions from different inter­action types. Two sharp spikes pointing towards the upper left of the plot are typical C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. This portion corresponds to H⋯O inter­actions comprising 25.1% of the total Hirshfed surfaces. Two sharp spikes pointing towards the lower left of the plot are typical n class="Chemical">Br⋯H hydrogen bonds. This portion corresponds to Br⋯H inter­actions comprising 11.7% of the total Hirshfeld surfaces. The broad region bearing short and narrow spikes at the middle of plot is reflected as H⋯H inter­action comprising 27.2% of the total Hirshfeld surfaces. Apart from these, the presence of Br⋯C, BrN, Br⋯O, C⋯O, H⋯N, N⋯O and O⋯O inter­actions were observed (Pi chart; Fig. 4g), which are summarized in Table 2 ▸ (Li et al., 2013 ▸; Luo & Sun, 2014 ▸; Seth et al., 2011 ▸).
Figure 3

The full two-dimensional fingerprint plots, and those delineated into (a) all inter­actions (b) Br⋯H, (c) C⋯C, (d) C⋯H/H⋯C, (e) H⋯H and (f) H⋯O/O⋯H contacts showing the percentages of contacts contributed to the total Hirshfeld surface area. (g) Pi chart.

Table 2

Summary of the various contacts and their contributions to the Hirshfeld surface

ContactsPercentage contribution
Br⋯C/C⋯Br1.6
Br⋯H/H⋯Br11.7
Br⋯N/N⋯Br0.7
Br⋯O/O⋯Br2.8
C⋯C8.1
C⋯H/H⋯C12.5
C⋯O/O⋯C2.7
H⋯H27.2
H⋯N/N⋯H5.5
H⋯O/O⋯H25.1
N⋯O/O⋯N1.1
O⋯O1.0

Database survey

While searching for 2-phenyl­hydrazine in the Camn class="Chemical">bridge Structural Database (CSD, Version 53.7; Groom et al., 2016 ▸), four significant structures were found [CSD refcodes AYSOD (Tahir et al., 2011 ▸), DUSBID (Mufakkar et al. 2010 ▸), DUSNUB (Shad et al. 2010 ▸) and DUSNUB01 (Toledano-Magaña et al., 2015 ▸)]. Also, the crystal structure of the unsubstituted phenyl hydrazine has been reported in the CSD [ZZZGWW02 (Vickery et al., 1985 ▸) and ZZZGWW03 (Günes, et al., 2003 ▸)]. The two phenyl rings in AYSOD (two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit), DUSBID and DUSNUB (two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit) are inclined to each other by 2.44 (18) and 14.08 (19)° (in mol­ecules A and B), 9.30 (6)°, and 13.01 (10) and 14.05 (10)° (in mol­ecules A and B), respectively, compared to 4.4 (3)° in the title compound. The crystal packing of the two compounds is significantly different. In AYSOD, N—H groups do not form hydrogen bonds, in DUSBID, the mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯π inter­actions, and in DUSNUB, both mol­ecules form inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, thereby generating (16) motif rings (Bernstein et al., 1995 ▸). In the title compound, intra­molecular N—H⋯O and only inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are present; there are no C—H⋯π inter­actions. Very few similar hydrazine derivatives are reported in the literature (Cortés et al., 2013 ▸; Dey & Chopra, 2017 ▸). In those crystal structures, a halogen group (Cl and F, respectively) is present, while in this crystal structure, Br is present.

Synthesis and crystallization

The title compound was synthesized in one step by heating the hydrazine derivative 3-nitro­benzohydrazide (0.181 mg) with a slight excess of n class="Chemical">5-bromo-2-meth­oxy­benzaldehyde (0.215 mg) in an acetic acid solution (10 ml). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 8 h. The solid product formed during reflux was filtered off, washed and dried over anhydrous calcium chloride in a vacuum desiccator (yield 75%). The final product was soluble in acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), di­methyl­formamide (DMF), methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate, etc. Transparent orange-coloured needle-shaped diffraction-quality single crystals of the title compound were grown by slow evaporation using methanol as the solvent at room temperature.

Refinement

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 3 ▸. The coordinates of the H atoms of the N2—H2 and C9—H9 groups were refined [N2—H2 = 0.83 (6) Å and C9—H9 = 0.90 (5) Å]. Other H atoms were placed in geometrically idealized positions and constrained to ride on their parent atoms, with C—H = 0.93–0.97 Å, and refined as riding with U iso(H) = xU eq(C), where x = 1.5 for methyl and x = 1.2 for all other H atoms.
Table 3

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaC16H14BrN3O5
M r 408.21
Crystal system, space groupMonoclinic, P21/n
Temperature (K)293
a, b, c (Å)8.3262 (11), 14.8369 (19), 14.0764 (13)
β (°)106.558 (14)
V3)1666.8 (4)
Z 4
Radiation typeMo Kα
μ (mm−1)2.50
Crystal size (mm)0.09 × 0.08 × 0.06
 
Data collection
DiffractometerBruker APEXII CCD
Absorption correctionMulti-scan (North et al., 1968)
T min, T max 0.666, 1.000
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections4830, 3187, 1726
R int 0.065
(sin θ/λ)max−1)0.682
 
Refinement
R[F 2 > 2σ(F 2)], wR(F 2), S 0.096, 0.202, 1.09
No. of reflections3187
No. of parameters235
H-atom treatmentH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3)0.66, −0.69

Computer programs: APEX2 and SAINT (Bruker, 2008 ▸), SHELXS97 and SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ▸) and PLATON (Spek, 2009 ▸).

Crystal structure: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989018011325/dx2007sup1.cif Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989018011325/dx2007Isup2.hkl Click here for additional data file. Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989018011325/dx2007Isup3.cml CCDC reference: 1860856 Additional supporting information: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report
C16H14BrN3O5F(000) = 824
Mr = 408.21Dx = 1.627 Mg m3
Monoclinic, P21/nMo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 8.3262 (11) ÅCell parameters from 1261 reflections
b = 14.8369 (19) Åθ = 3.3–23.2°
c = 14.0764 (13) ŵ = 2.50 mm1
β = 106.558 (14)°T = 293 K
V = 1666.8 (4) Å3Plate, yellow
Z = 40.09 × 0.08 × 0.06 mm
Bruker APEXII CCD diffractometer1726 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: sealed tubeRint = 0.065
φ and ω scansθmax = 29.0°, θmin = 3.6°
Absorption correction: multi-scan (North et al., 1968)h = −10→11
Tmin = 0.666, Tmax = 1.000k = −19→10
4830 measured reflectionsl = −9→18
3187 independent reflections
Refinement on F2Hydrogen site location: mixed
Least-squares matrix: fullH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.096w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0381P)2 + 5.1653P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
wR(F2) = 0.202(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
S = 1.09Δρmax = 0.66 e Å3
3187 reflectionsΔρmin = −0.69 e Å3
235 parametersExtinction correction: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4
0 restraintsExtinction coefficient: 0.0076 (10)
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.
xyzUiso*/Ueq
C10.3935 (9)0.2162 (5)0.6270 (5)0.038 (2)
H10.4151740.2232000.6951230.046*
C20.2457 (9)0.1749 (5)0.5739 (5)0.0348 (19)
C30.2169 (9)0.1645 (5)0.4728 (5)0.0339 (18)
H30.1185840.1372700.4354090.041*
C40.3340 (9)0.1944 (5)0.4272 (5)0.0328 (18)
C50.4810 (9)0.2391 (5)0.4784 (5)0.0308 (17)
C60.5083 (9)0.2468 (6)0.5818 (5)0.040 (2)
H60.6067440.2733420.6200510.049*
C70.1197 (10)0.1486 (6)0.6245 (6)0.0386 (19)
C8−0.1484 (10)0.0834 (7)0.6023 (6)0.061 (3)
H8A−0.2368620.0558740.5513670.091*
H8B−0.1072220.0413020.6554680.091*
H8C−0.1906350.1359680.6269040.091*
C90.8528 (10)0.3310 (6)0.4527 (5)0.040 (2)
C101.0108 (9)0.3711 (6)0.5111 (5)0.0373 (19)
C111.1267 (10)0.4052 (5)0.4648 (6)0.040 (2)
C121.2709 (10)0.4470 (6)0.5203 (6)0.046 (2)
H121.3450650.4712520.4887420.055*
C131.3069 (10)0.4532 (6)0.6226 (6)0.052 (2)
H131.4047180.4809820.6598770.063*
C141.1940 (10)0.4174 (6)0.6681 (5)0.043 (2)
C151.0485 (9)0.3762 (5)0.6140 (5)0.0357 (18)
H150.9753100.3516820.6462020.043*
C161.1856 (12)0.4401 (7)0.3120 (6)0.069 (3)
H16A1.1414190.4283220.2423870.104*
H16B1.1856560.5038690.3235550.104*
H16C1.2980620.4175110.3350160.104*
N10.2911 (8)0.1797 (5)0.3208 (4)0.0370 (16)
N20.5978 (8)0.2714 (5)0.4364 (5)0.0424 (18)
N30.7457 (8)0.3049 (5)0.4962 (4)0.0393 (16)
O1−0.0146 (7)0.1088 (4)0.5621 (4)0.0494 (16)
O20.1325 (7)0.1613 (4)0.7107 (4)0.0548 (17)
O30.1809 (8)0.1260 (5)0.2817 (4)0.0612 (18)
O40.3693 (6)0.2228 (4)0.2728 (3)0.0544 (17)
O51.0838 (7)0.3963 (4)0.3644 (4)0.0545 (17)
BR11.24638 (13)0.41918 (8)0.80847 (6)0.0681 (5)
H2A0.576 (7)0.270 (4)0.375 (4)0.014 (16)*
H90.825 (7)0.329 (4)0.386 (4)0.012 (15)*
U11U22U33U12U13U23
C10.037 (4)0.050 (6)0.025 (3)0.001 (4)0.004 (4)0.002 (4)
C20.035 (4)0.046 (5)0.025 (3)0.004 (4)0.011 (3)0.004 (3)
C30.033 (4)0.040 (5)0.028 (3)0.005 (4)0.007 (3)0.004 (3)
C40.038 (4)0.040 (5)0.020 (3)0.002 (4)0.008 (3)−0.003 (3)
C50.025 (4)0.039 (5)0.028 (3)0.001 (4)0.006 (3)−0.003 (3)
C60.033 (4)0.056 (6)0.030 (3)−0.003 (4)0.006 (4)−0.005 (4)
C70.038 (4)0.041 (6)0.039 (4)0.008 (4)0.016 (4)0.004 (4)
C80.038 (5)0.091 (8)0.059 (5)−0.003 (5)0.022 (4)0.007 (5)
C90.037 (5)0.051 (6)0.027 (4)0.002 (4)0.004 (4)−0.001 (4)
C100.032 (4)0.044 (5)0.035 (4)0.007 (4)0.008 (4)0.003 (4)
C110.035 (4)0.040 (6)0.042 (4)0.006 (4)0.010 (4)0.004 (4)
C120.039 (5)0.042 (6)0.056 (5)−0.008 (4)0.012 (4)−0.001 (4)
C130.039 (5)0.055 (6)0.060 (5)0.000 (4)0.011 (5)0.003 (5)
C140.044 (5)0.042 (6)0.037 (4)0.003 (4)0.002 (4)−0.001 (4)
C150.031 (4)0.037 (5)0.038 (4)−0.006 (4)0.007 (4)−0.003 (4)
C160.073 (6)0.095 (9)0.052 (5)−0.006 (6)0.037 (5)0.010 (5)
N10.034 (4)0.053 (5)0.025 (3)0.001 (3)0.011 (3)0.003 (3)
N20.038 (4)0.064 (5)0.025 (3)−0.002 (4)0.008 (3)−0.004 (3)
N30.033 (4)0.053 (5)0.030 (3)−0.009 (3)0.004 (3)−0.003 (3)
O10.044 (3)0.070 (5)0.040 (3)−0.005 (3)0.021 (3)0.000 (3)
O20.060 (4)0.079 (5)0.031 (3)0.002 (3)0.023 (3)0.000 (3)
O30.065 (4)0.081 (5)0.032 (3)−0.035 (4)0.004 (3)−0.012 (3)
O40.046 (3)0.090 (5)0.028 (3)−0.012 (3)0.013 (3)−0.001 (3)
O50.054 (4)0.075 (5)0.038 (3)−0.008 (3)0.020 (3)0.005 (3)
BR10.0721 (8)0.0855 (9)0.0375 (5)−0.0200 (6)0.0007 (5)−0.0053 (5)
C1—C61.369 (10)C9—H90.90 (5)
C1—C21.386 (10)C10—C151.394 (9)
C1—H10.9300C10—C111.404 (10)
C2—C31.383 (9)C11—O51.362 (9)
C2—C71.479 (10)C11—C121.379 (11)
C3—C41.385 (9)C12—C131.388 (11)
C3—H30.9300C12—H120.9300
C4—C51.399 (10)C13—C141.385 (11)
C4—N11.454 (8)C13—H130.9300
C5—N21.361 (9)C14—C151.377 (10)
C5—C61.411 (9)C14—BR11.899 (7)
C6—H60.9300C15—H150.9300
C7—O21.201 (8)C16—O51.428 (9)
C7—O11.346 (9)C16—H16A0.9600
C8—O11.437 (9)C16—H16B0.9600
C8—H8A0.9600C16—H16C0.9600
C8—H8B0.9600N1—O31.221 (8)
C8—H8C0.9600N1—O41.240 (7)
C9—N31.277 (9)N2—N31.371 (8)
C9—C101.464 (11)N2—H2A0.83 (6)
C6—C1—C2121.8 (6)C11—C10—C9120.8 (7)
C6—C1—H1119.1O5—C11—C12124.1 (7)
C2—C1—H1119.1O5—C11—C10115.8 (7)
C3—C2—C1118.1 (7)C12—C11—C10120.1 (7)
C3—C2—C7121.8 (7)C11—C12—C13120.9 (8)
C1—C2—C7120.0 (6)C11—C12—H12119.5
C2—C3—C4120.2 (7)C13—C12—H12119.5
C2—C3—H3119.9C14—C13—C12118.6 (8)
C4—C3—H3119.9C14—C13—H13120.7
C3—C4—C5122.8 (6)C12—C13—H13120.7
C3—C4—N1115.5 (7)C15—C14—C13121.5 (7)
C5—C4—N1121.7 (6)C15—C14—BR1119.1 (6)
N2—C5—C4124.8 (6)C13—C14—BR1119.4 (6)
N2—C5—C6119.6 (7)C14—C15—C10120.0 (7)
C4—C5—C6115.5 (6)C14—C15—H15120.0
C1—C6—C5121.6 (7)C10—C15—H15120.0
C1—C6—H6119.2O5—C16—H16A109.5
C5—C6—H6119.2O5—C16—H16B109.5
O2—C7—O1123.1 (7)H16A—C16—H16B109.5
O2—C7—C2125.0 (8)O5—C16—H16C109.5
O1—C7—C2111.9 (6)H16A—C16—H16C109.5
O1—C8—H8A109.5H16B—C16—H16C109.5
O1—C8—H8B109.5O3—N1—O4122.3 (6)
H8A—C8—H8B109.5O3—N1—C4119.6 (6)
O1—C8—H8C109.5O4—N1—C4118.0 (6)
H8A—C8—H8C109.5C5—N2—N3119.2 (6)
H8B—C8—H8C109.5C5—N2—H2A118 (4)
N3—C9—C10119.5 (7)N3—N2—H2A122 (4)
N3—C9—H9119 (4)C9—N3—N2116.3 (6)
C10—C9—H9121 (4)C7—O1—C8116.8 (6)
C15—C10—C11118.9 (7)C11—O5—C16118.2 (7)
C15—C10—C9120.3 (7)
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
N2—H2A···O40.832.032.635 (3)129
C3—H3···O10.932.392.712 (4)100
C6—H6···N30.932.402.731 (4)101
C6—H6···O4i0.932.593.444 (5)152
C15—H15···O4i0.932.463.358 (4)161
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6.  Four related esters: two 4-(aroylhydrazinyl)-3-nitrobenzoates and two 3-aryl-1,2,4-benzotriazine-6-carboxylates.

Authors:  Edwar Cortés; Rodrigo Abonía; Justo Cobo; Christopher Glidewell
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr C       Date:  2013-06-08       Impact factor: 1.172

Review 7.  Biological activities of hydrazone derivatives.

Authors:  Sevim Rollas; S Güniz Küçükgüzel
Journal:  Molecules       Date:  2007-08-17       Impact factor: 4.411

8.  (E)-1-(4-Meth-oxy-benzyl-idene)-2-phenyl-hydrazine.

Authors:  Muhammad Mufakkar; M Nawaz Tahir; Muhammad Ilyas Tariq; Shahbaz Ahmad; Muhammad Sarfraz
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online       Date:  2010-07-03

9.  Structure validation in chemical crystallography.

Authors:  Anthony L Spek
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr       Date:  2009-01-20

10.  The Cambridge Structural Database.

Authors:  Colin R Groom; Ian J Bruno; Matthew P Lightfoot; Suzanna C Ward
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater       Date:  2016-04-01
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