Alex Stevens1. 1. School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4AG, United Kingdom. Electronic address: a.w.stevens@kent.ac.uk.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: With drug-related deaths at record levels in the UK, the government faces two potential sources of pressure to implement more effective policies. One source is the individuals and families who are most likely to suffer from such deaths; i.e. working class people living in de-industrialised areas. The other source is experts who argue for different policy on the basis of research evidences. AIM: This article aims to explain why, in the face of these two potential sources of pressure, the UK government has not implemented effective measures to reduce deaths. METHOD: The article uses critical realist discourse analysis of official documents and ministerial speeches on recent British drug policy (2016-2018). It explore this discourse through the theoretical lens of Archer's (2000) ideas on 'being human' and by drawing on Sayer's (2005) work on the 'moral significance of class'. RESULTS: Members of economically 'residual' groups (including working class people who use heroin) are excluded from articulating their interests in 'late welfare capitalism' in a project of depersonalising 'class contempt' through which politicians cast the people most likely to die as passive, 'vulnerable' 'abjects'. Conservative politicians dismiss 'evidence-based' ideas on the reduction of drug-related death through a 'moral sidestep'. They defend policy on the basis of its relevance to conservative moral principles, not effectiveness. This is consistent with the broader moral and political pursuit of partial state shrinkage which Conservative politicians and the social groups they represent have pursued since the 1970s.
BACKGROUND: With drug-related deaths at record levels in the UK, the government faces two potential sources of pressure to implement more effective policies. One source is the individuals and families who are most likely to suffer from such deaths; i.e. working class people living in de-industrialised areas. The other source is experts who argue for different policy on the basis of research evidences. AIM: This article aims to explain why, in the face of these two potential sources of pressure, the UK government has not implemented effective measures to reduce deaths. METHOD: The article uses critical realist discourse analysis of official documents and ministerial speeches on recent British drug policy (2016-2018). It explore this discourse through the theoretical lens of Archer's (2000) ideas on 'being human' and by drawing on Sayer's (2005) work on the 'moral significance of class'. RESULTS: Members of economically 'residual' groups (including working class people who use heroin) are excluded from articulating their interests in 'late welfare capitalism' in a project of depersonalising 'class contempt' through which politicians cast the people most likely to die as passive, 'vulnerable' 'abjects'. Conservative politicians dismiss 'evidence-based' ideas on the reduction of drug-related death through a 'moral sidestep'. They defend policy on the basis of its relevance to conservative moral principles, not effectiveness. This is consistent with the broader moral and political pursuit of partial state shrinkage which Conservative politicians and the social groups they represent have pursued since the 1970s.
Keywords:
Abjection; Agency; Class contempt; Critical realist discourse analysis; Drug policy; Drug-related death; Evidence-based policy; Political economy; UK