Zachary J Waldman1, Liliana Camarillo-Rodriguez1, Inna Chervenova2, Brent Berry3, Shoichi Shimamoto1, Bahareh Elahian1, Michal Kucewicz3, Chaitanya Ganne4, Xiao-Song He4, Leon A Davis5, Joel Stein6, Sandhitsu Das7, Richard Gorniak8, Ashwini D Sharan9, Robert Gross10, Cory S Inman10, Bradley C Lega11, Kareem Zaghloul12, Barbara C Jobst13, Katheryn A Davis14, Paul Wanda5, Mehraneh Khadjevand3, Joseph Tracy4, Daniel S Rizzuto5, Gregory Worrell3, Michael Sperling4, Shennan A Weiss15. 1. Dept. of Neurology and Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. 2. Dept. of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. 3. Dept. of Neurology, Mayo Systems Electrophysiology Laboratory (MSEL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Dept. of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. 4. Dept. of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. 5. Dept. of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. 6. Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. 7. Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Memory Center, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. 8. Dept. of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. 9. Dept. of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. 10. Emory University, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. 11. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. 12. Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. 13. Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Dept. of Neurology, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. 14. Dept. of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. 15. Dept. of Neurology and Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. Electronic address: Shennan.Weiss@jefferson.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We sought to determine if ripple oscillations (80-120 Hz), detected in intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG) recordings of patients with epilepsy, correlate with an enhancement or disruption of verbal episodic memory encoding. METHODS: We defined ripple and spike events in depth iEEG recordings during list learning in 107 patients with focal epilepsy. We used logistic regression models (LRMs) to investigate the relationship between the occurrence of ripple and spike events during word presentation and the odds of successful word recall following a distractor epoch and included the seizure onset zone (SOZ) as a covariate in the LRMs. RESULTS: We detected events during 58,312 word presentation trials from 7630 unique electrode sites. The probability of ripple on spike (RonS) events was increased in the SOZ (p < 0.04). In the left temporal neocortex, RonS events during word presentation corresponded with a decrease in the odds ratio (OR) of successful recall, however, this effect only met significance in the SOZ (OR of word recall: 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59-0.85, n = 158 events, adaptive Hochberg, p < 0.01). Ripple on oscillation (RonO) events that occurred in the left temporal neocortex non-SOZ also correlated with decreased odds of successful recall (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.34-0.80, n = 140, adaptive Hochberg, p < 0.01). Spikes and RonS that occurred during word presentation in the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) correlated with the most significant decrease in the odds of successful recall, irrespective of the location of the SOZ (adaptive Hochberg, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Ripples and spikes generated in the left temporal neocortex are associated with impaired verbal episodic memory encoding. Although physiological and pathological ripple oscillations were not distinguished during cognitive tasks, our results show an association of undifferentiated ripples with impaired encoding. The effect was sometimes specific to regions outside the SOZ, suggesting that widespread effects of epilepsy outside the SOZ may contribute to cognitive impairment.
BACKGROUND: We sought to determine if ripple oscillations (80-120 Hz), detected in intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG) recordings of patients with epilepsy, correlate with an enhancement or disruption of verbal episodic memory encoding. METHODS: We defined ripple and spike events in depth iEEG recordings during list learning in 107 patients with focal epilepsy. We used logistic regression models (LRMs) to investigate the relationship between the occurrence of ripple and spike events during word presentation and the odds of successful word recall following a distractor epoch and included the seizure onset zone (SOZ) as a covariate in the LRMs. RESULTS: We detected events during 58,312 word presentation trials from 7630 unique electrode sites. The probability of ripple on spike (RonS) events was increased in the SOZ (p < 0.04). In the left temporal neocortex, RonS events during word presentation corresponded with a decrease in the odds ratio (OR) of successful recall, however, this effect only met significance in the SOZ (OR of word recall: 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59-0.85, n = 158 events, adaptive Hochberg, p < 0.01). Ripple on oscillation (RonO) events that occurred in the left temporal neocortex non-SOZ also correlated with decreased odds of successful recall (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.34-0.80, n = 140, adaptive Hochberg, p < 0.01). Spikes and RonS that occurred during word presentation in the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) correlated with the most significant decrease in the odds of successful recall, irrespective of the location of the SOZ (adaptive Hochberg, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Ripples and spikes generated in the left temporal neocortex are associated with impaired verbal episodic memory encoding. Although physiological and pathological ripple oscillations were not distinguished during cognitive tasks, our results show an association of undifferentiated ripples with impaired encoding. The effect was sometimes specific to regions outside the SOZ, suggesting that widespread effects of epilepsy outside the SOZ may contribute to cognitive impairment.
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