Marcello Otake Sato1, Armand Rafalimanantsoa2, Charles Ramarokoto3, Alain Marcel Rahetilahy4, Pascaline Ravoniarimbinina3, Satoru Kawai5, Toshifumi Minamoto6, Megumi Sato7, Masashi Kirinoki5, Voahangy Rasolofo3, Mathilde De Calan3, Yuichi Chigusa5. 1. Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan. Electronic address: marcello@dokkyomed.ac.jp. 2. Unité de Recherche sur les Helminthiases, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar. 3. Unité de Recherche sur les Helminthiases, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar. 4. Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar. 5. Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan. 6. Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan. 7. Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Schistosomiasis is an important disease in Madagascar, and several studies on the disease have focused on the occurrence of the parasite in humans. However, the range of the pathogen in the environment and its impact on human infection is difficult to predict. An environmental DNA (eDNA) detection system for Schistosoma mansoni was developed to improve schistosomiasis eco-epidemiology studies. METHODS: Primers and probes were designed and tested in experimental biotopes. The field study was conducted in Maevatanana District of Madagascar. Seven water sources with human use were sampled, with a total of 21 water samples collected. Snails were collected, and patients were examined by ultrasound to determine the occurrence of schistosomiasis in the study area. RESULTS: One water source with active transmission was identified through the detection of S. mansoni eDNA in the water and the intermediate host Biomphalaria pfeifferi collected from the same water source. People with clinical schistosomiasis were found in the area, reinforcing the findings. CONCLUSIONS: The application of eDNA in eco-epidemiology enables the determination of hot spots and safe spots in endemic areas, constituting an alternative ecological tool for follow-up and monitoring of control programs for schistosomiasis, and contributing information on water safety for improving the standard of living of the people in endemic areas.
OBJECTIVES:Schistosomiasis is an important disease in Madagascar, and several studies on the disease have focused on the occurrence of the parasite in humans. However, the range of the pathogen in the environment and its impact on human infection is difficult to predict. An environmental DNA (eDNA) detection system for Schistosoma mansoni was developed to improve schistosomiasis eco-epidemiology studies. METHODS: Primers and probes were designed and tested in experimental biotopes. The field study was conducted in Maevatanana District of Madagascar. Seven water sources with human use were sampled, with a total of 21 water samples collected. Snails were collected, and patients were examined by ultrasound to determine the occurrence of schistosomiasis in the study area. RESULTS: One water source with active transmission was identified through the detection of S. mansoni eDNA in the water and the intermediate host Biomphalaria pfeifferi collected from the same water source. People with clinical schistosomiasis were found in the area, reinforcing the findings. CONCLUSIONS: The application of eDNA in eco-epidemiology enables the determination of hot spots and safe spots in endemic areas, constituting an alternative ecological tool for follow-up and monitoring of control programs for schistosomiasis, and contributing information on water safety for improving the standard of living of the people in endemic areas.
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