Status of pesticide resistance and associated mutations in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, in China.

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a serious agricultural pest that has developed resistance to many pesticides. A leaf dip assay was used to assess the resistance of seven field populations of T. urticae to 11 pesticides in China. The mutation frequencies of target genes related to pesticide resistance were also determined. The results showed that all seven field populations had high or extremely high resistance to abamectin and had low or moderate resistance to newly developed pesticides including bifenazate, cyenopyrafen, chlorfenapyr, B-azolemiteacrylic, and spinetoram. The RF values for the traditional acaricides bifenthrin, pyridaben, and profenofos were low for all seven populations. For target sites related to abamectin resistance, the frequency of the mutations ranged from 28.33 to 63.64% for G314D in the glutamate-gated chloride channel gene 1 (GluCl1), and from 0 to 95% for G326E in the glutamate-gated chloride channel gene 3 (GluCl3). For target sites related to organophosphate resistance, the frequency of mutations ranged from 33.33 to 56.67% for G119S and from 5.00 to 43.33% for A201S in the acetycholinesterase gene (Ace). For target sites related to pyrethroid resistance, the frequency of the mutations ranged from 76.67 to 98.33% for A1215D and from 3.33 to 100% for F1538I in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (VGSC). No mutations were detected in the bifenazate resistance-related cytochrome b gene (Cytb). These results will be useful for managing T. urticae resistance to pesticides in China.