Peter Schnohr1, James H O'Keefe2, Andreas Holtermann3, Carl J Lavie4, Peter Lange5, Gorm Boje Jensen6, Jacob Louis Marott6. 1. Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: peter@schnohr.dk. 2. Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas, Kansas City, MO. 3. National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark. 4. Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA. 5. Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Section of Social Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Medical Department O, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 6. Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the differential improvements in life expectancy associated with participation in various sports. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Copenhagen City Heart Study (CCHS) is a prospective population study that included detailed questionnaires regarding participation in different types of sports and leisure-time physical activity. The 8577 participants were followed for up to 25 years for all-cause mortality from their examination between October 10, 1991, and September 16, 1994, until March 22, 2017. Relative risks were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models with full adjustment for confounding variables. RESULTS: Multivariable-adjusted life expectancy gains compared with the sedentary group for different sports were as follows: tennis, 9.7 years; badminton, 6.2 years; soccer, 4.7 years; cycling, 3.7 years; swimming, 3.4 years; jogging, 3.2 years; calisthenics, 3.1 years; and health club activities, 1.5 years. CONCLUSION: Various sports are associated with markedly different improvements in life expectancy. Because this is an observational study, it remains uncertain whether this relationship is causal. Interestingly, the leisure-time sports that inherently involve more social interaction were associated with the best longevity-a finding that warrants further investigation.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the differential improvements in life expectancy associated with participation in various sports. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Copenhagen City Heart Study (CCHS) is a prospective population study that included detailed questionnaires regarding participation in different types of sports and leisure-time physical activity. The 8577 participants were followed for up to 25 years for all-cause mortality from their examination between October 10, 1991, and September 16, 1994, until March 22, 2017. Relative risks were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models with full adjustment for confounding variables. RESULTS: Multivariable-adjusted life expectancy gains compared with the sedentary group for different sports were as follows: tennis, 9.7 years; badminton, 6.2 years; soccer, 4.7 years; cycling, 3.7 years; swimming, 3.4 years; jogging, 3.2 years; calisthenics, 3.1 years; and health club activities, 1.5 years. CONCLUSION: Various sports are associated with markedly different improvements in life expectancy. Because this is an observational study, it remains uncertain whether this relationship is causal. Interestingly, the leisure-time sports that inherently involve more social interaction were associated with the best longevity-a finding that warrants further investigation.
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