Perioperative care of cardiac patient's candidate for non-cardiac surgery: a critical appraisal of emergent evidence and international guidelines.

The perioperative management of a cardiac-patient candidate to non-cardiac surgery (NCS) remains a topic of considerable debate. In recent years, the overall tendency from professional societies has been to delineate how to identify and manage high-risk patients following the best evidence. However, significant concerns persist, especially in the care of intermediate-risk patients (also labeled at "acceptable" risk), who may not fit into the categories of "completely healthy" or "critically ill", but that might still encounter dramatic (and unexpected) perioperative events. The specific interest and main goal of this expert viewpoint pertains to the care of cardiac patients scheduled for NCS, addressing central questions of real-life clinical care that practicing anesthesiologists and cardiologists face daily, discussing recent American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA), European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESC/ESA), and Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) guidelines. The viewpoint aims to discuss few of the important topics pertaining perioperative assessment and management: type of NCS and perioperative cardiac events, risk prediction including testing, and perioperative management of cardiac therapy. The fact that cardiac adverse events have reduced in number mostly due to better preoperative management and prevention should not prompt a reduction in clinical evaluations. While debate remains pertaining the most appropriate way to evaluate patients for NCS within international societies, a comprehensive approach-evaluation best recognized to assess functional and heart status, should be maintained, keeping into consideration the surgical procedure and global health management.