Kathleen Crapanzano1,2, Dixie Fisher3, Rebecca Hammarlund4, Eric P Hsieh5, Win May3. 1. Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. Kcrap1@lsuhsc.edu. 2. LSU Medical Education and Innovation Center, 5246 Brittany Drive, 3rd floor, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA. Kcrap1@lsuhsc.edu. 3. Department of Medical Education, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 4. Division of Academic Affairs, Our Lady of the Lake Hospital, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. 5. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Implicit attitudes are outside of conscious awareness and are thought to affect automatic responses outside of one's deliberate control, with the potential to impact physician-patient relationships. OBJECTIVE: To measure the nature and extent of implicit biases towards depression in internal medicine and psychiatry residents. DESIGN: Descriptive and comparative study. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-one residents from three internal medicine programs and 35 residents from three psychiatry programs located in two states. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were sent a link to voluntarily participate in four online implicit association tests. Residents' identities were anonymous. MAIN MEASURES: Four implicit association tests to measure the association of (1) attitude (good/bad), (2) permanence, (3) controllability, and (4) etiology with depression/physical illness. KEY RESULTS: Internal medicine residents demonstrated a significant association between depression and negative attitudes (t(38) = 6.01, p < .001, Cohen's d = .95), uncontrollability (t(35) = 4.80, p < .001, Cohen's d = .79), temporariness (t(37) = 2.94, p = .006, Cohen's d = .48), and a psychologic etiology (t(1) = 6.91, p < .001, Cohen's d = 1.24). Psychiatry residents only demonstrated an association between depression and a psychologic etiology (t(2) = 4.79, p < .001, Cohen's d = 4.5). When comparing the two specialties, internal medicine and psychiatry differed on two of the IATs. Internal medicine residents were more likely to associate negative attitudes with depression than psychiatry residents (t(63) = 4.66, p < .001, Cohen's d = 1.18) and to associate depression with being uncontrollable (t(57) = 3.17, p = .002, Cohen's d = .81). CONCLUSIONS: Internal medicine residents demonstrated biases in their attitudes towards depression and significantly differed in some areas from psychiatry residents. This pilot study needs to be replicated to confirm our findings and further work needs to be done to determine the effect of these attitudes on the provision of clinical care.
BACKGROUND: Implicit attitudes are outside of conscious awareness and are thought to affect automatic responses outside of one's deliberate control, with the potential to impact physician-patient relationships. OBJECTIVE: To measure the nature and extent of implicit biases towards depression in internal medicine and psychiatry residents. DESIGN: Descriptive and comparative study. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-one residents from three internal medicine programs and 35 residents from three psychiatry programs located in two states. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were sent a link to voluntarily participate in four online implicit association tests. Residents' identities were anonymous. MAIN MEASURES: Four implicit association tests to measure the association of (1) attitude (good/bad), (2) permanence, (3) controllability, and (4) etiology with depression/physical illness. KEY RESULTS: Internal medicine residents demonstrated a significant association between depression and negative attitudes (t(38) = 6.01, p < .001, Cohen's d = .95), uncontrollability (t(35) = 4.80, p < .001, Cohen's d = .79), temporariness (t(37) = 2.94, p = .006, Cohen's d = .48), and a psychologic etiology (t(1) = 6.91, p < .001, Cohen's d = 1.24). Psychiatry residents only demonstrated an association between depression and a psychologic etiology (t(2) = 4.79, p < .001, Cohen's d = 4.5). When comparing the two specialties, internal medicine and psychiatry differed on two of the IATs. Internal medicine residents were more likely to associate negative attitudes with depression than psychiatry residents (t(63) = 4.66, p < .001, Cohen's d = 1.18) and to associate depression with being uncontrollable (t(57) = 3.17, p = .002, Cohen's d = .81). CONCLUSIONS: Internal medicine residents demonstrated biases in their attitudes towards depression and significantly differed in some areas from psychiatry residents. This pilot study needs to be replicated to confirm our findings and further work needs to be done to determine the effect of these attitudes on the provision of clinical care.
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