Contribution of the commensal microbiota to atherosclerosis and arterial thrombosis.

The commensal gut microbiota is an environmental factor that has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease. The development of atherosclerotic lesions is largely influenced not only by the microbial-associated molecular patterns of the gut microbiota but also by the meta-organismal trimethylamine N-oxide pathway. Recent studies have described a role for the gut microbiota in platelet activation and arterial thrombosis. This review summarizes the results from gnotobiotic mouse models and clinical data that linked microbiota-induced pattern recognition receptor signalling with atherogenesis. Based on recent insights, we here provide an overview of how the gut microbiota could affect endothelial cell function and platelet activation, to promote arterial thrombosis. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on When Pharmacology Meets the Microbiome: New Targets for Therapeutics? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.24/issuetoc.