Saeha Shin1,2, Richard T Burnett3, Jeffrey C Kwong2,4,5,6,7, Perry Hystad8, Aaron van Donkelaar9, Jeffrey R Brook2,10, Ray Copes1,2, Karen Tu5,6, Mark S Goldberg11,12, Paul J Villeneuve13, Randall V Martin9,14, Brian J Murray15,16, Andrew S Wilton4, Alexander Kopp4, Hong Chen1,2,4. 1. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada. 2. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 3. Population Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. 4. Primary Care & Population Health Research Program, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada. 5. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 6. Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. 7. Department of Applied Immunization Research, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada. 8. College of Public Health and Human Studies, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA. 9. Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. 10. Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. 11. Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. 12. Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. 13. Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada. 14. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA. 15. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 16. Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Abstract
Background: Despite recent studies linking air pollution to neurodegenerative illness, evidence relating air pollution and Parkinson's disease (PD) remains scarce. We conducted a population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada, to determine the association between air pollution and incident PD. Methods: Using health administrative databases, we identified all adults aged 55-85 years, free of PD, and who lived in Ontario on 1 April 2001 (∼2.2 million). Individuals were followed up until 31 March 2013. We derived long-term average exposures to fine particulate matter (particles ≤2.5 µm in diameter, or PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone from satellite-based estimates, land-use regression models and optimal interpolation methods, respectively. Using 2-year lags in exposures, we linked these estimates to individuals' annual postal codes from 1994 (7 years before cohort inception). We applied spatial random-effects Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for individual- and area-level characteristics. We also performed sensitivity analyses, such as considering longer lags in exposures and stratifying by selected characteristics. Results: During the study period, we identified 38 745 newly diagnosed cases of PD. Each interquartile increment (3.8 µg/m3) of PM2.5 was associated with a 4% increase in incident PD (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.08) after adjusting for various covariates. We also found positive associations for NO2 and ozone [hazard ratios (HRs) ranged from 1.03 to 1.04]. The associations for all exposures were unaltered with various sensitivity analyses except for considering longer lags, which somewhat attenuated the estimates, particularly for NO2 and ozone. Conclusions: Exposure to air pollution, especially PM2.5, was found to be related to incident PD.
Background: Despite recent studies linking air pollution to neurodegenerative illness, evidence relating air pollution and Parkinson's disease (PD) remains scarce. We conducted a population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada, to determine the association between air pollution and incident PD. Methods: Using health administrative databases, we identified all adults aged 55-85 years, free of PD, and who lived in Ontario on 1 April 2001 (∼2.2 million). Individuals were followed up until 31 March 2013. We derived long-term average exposures to fine particulate matter (particles ≤2.5 µm in diameter, or PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone from satellite-based estimates, land-use regression models and optimal interpolation methods, respectively. Using 2-year lags in exposures, we linked these estimates to individuals' annual postal codes from 1994 (7 years before cohort inception). We applied spatial random-effects Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for individual- and area-level characteristics. We also performed sensitivity analyses, such as considering longer lags in exposures and stratifying by selected characteristics. Results: During the study period, we identified 38 745 newly diagnosed cases of PD. Each interquartile increment (3.8 µg/m3) of PM2.5 was associated with a 4% increase in incident PD (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.08) after adjusting for various covariates. We also found positive associations for NO2 and ozone [hazard ratios (HRs) ranged from 1.03 to 1.04]. The associations for all exposures were unaltered with various sensitivity analyses except for considering longer lags, which somewhat attenuated the estimates, particularly for NO2 and ozone. Conclusions: Exposure to air pollution, especially PM2.5, was found to be related to incident PD.
Authors: Wenya Yang; Jamie L Hamilton; Catherine Kopil; James C Beck; Caroline M Tanner; Roger L Albin; E Ray Dorsey; Nabila Dahodwala; Inna Cintina; Paul Hogan; Ted Thompson Journal: NPJ Parkinsons Dis Date: 2020-07-09
Authors: Yanelli Nunez; Amelia K Boehme; Marc G Weisskopf; Diane B Re; Ana Navas-Acien; Aaron van Donkelaar; Randall V Martin; Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2021-02-08 Impact factor: 9.031
Authors: Jing Li; Yifan Wang; Kyle Steenland; Pengfei Liu; Aaron van Donkelaar; Randall V Martin; Howard H Chang; W Michael Caudle; Joel Schwartz; Petros Koutrakis; Liuhua Shi Journal: Innovation (Camb) Date: 2022-01-17
Authors: Yanelli Nunez; Amelia K Boehme; Maggie Li; Jeff Goldsmith; Marc G Weisskopf; Diane B Re; Ana Navas-Acien; Aaron van Donkelaar; Randall V Martin; Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou Journal: Environ Res Date: 2021-06-25 Impact factor: 8.431
Authors: Saeha Shin; Li Bai; Tor H Oiamo; Richard T Burnett; Scott Weichenthal; Michael Jerrett; Jeffrey C Kwong; Mark S Goldberg; Ray Copes; Alexander Kopp; Hong Chen Journal: J Am Heart Assoc Date: 2020-03-09 Impact factor: 5.501