Francesca Gay1, Graham Jackson2, Laura Rosiñol3, Sarah A Holstein4, Philippe Moreau5, Stefano Spada1, Faith Davies6, Juan José Lahuerta7, Xavier Leleu8, Sara Bringhen1, Andrea Evangelista9, Cyrille Hulin10, Ugo Panzani1, David A Cairns11, Francesco Di Raimondo12, Margaret Macro13, Anna Marina Liberati14, Charlotte Pawlyn15, Massimo Offidani16, Andrew Spencer17, Roman Hájek18, Evangelos Terpos19, Gareth J Morgan6, Joan Bladé3,3, Pieter Sonneveld20, Jesús San-Miguel21, Philip L McCarthy22, Heinz Ludwig23, Mario Boccadoro1, Maria-Victoria Mateos24, Michel Attal25. 1. Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy. 2. Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals Trust, United Kingdom. 3. Hematology Department, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain. 4. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. 5. Hematology Department, University Hospital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France. 6. The Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock. 7. Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. PETHEMA/Grupo Español de Mieloma. 8. Hématologie and Inserm CIC 1082, Poitiers, France. 9. Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino and CPO Piemonte, Torino, Italy. 10. Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, CHU Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France. 11. Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom. 12. Division of Hematology, AOU Policlinico-OVE, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. 13. Institut d'Hématologie de Basse Normandie, University Hospital of Caen, Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen Cedex 9, France. 14. Università degli Studi di Perugia, Struttura Complessa Universitaria Oncoematologia - Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, Italy. 15. The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. 16. Clinica di Ematologia, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy. 17. Department of Haematology, Alfred Health-Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. 18. Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic. 19. Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece. 20. Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. 21. Clínica Universidad de Navarra-CIMA, IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain. 22. Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, State University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York. 23. Wilhelminen Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria. 24. University Hospital of Salamanca-Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. 25. Department of Hematology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France.
Abstract
Importance: Several trials demonstrated the impact of novel agent-based maintenance in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM), but there is no current evidence demonstrating the superiority of one regimen over the other, owing to the lack of direct/indirect comparisons. Objective: To analyze and compare the effectiveness of different maintenance regimens in NDMM via a network meta-analysis. Data Sources: We performed 2 independent searches in PubMed and Cochrane databases, and then we identified all the records registered after 1999 and on or before November 20, 2017. Study Selection: By blinded review, we identified prospective phase 3 randomized trials evaluating novel agent-based maintenance in patients with NDMM; the included studies compared at least 2 maintenance approaches; comparators included placebo and no maintenance. From 364 screened records, 11 studies were included. Data Extraction and Synthesis: We followed (independent extraction) the guidelines provided by the PRISMA Report and the EQUATOR Network. The evidence was synthesized using a network meta-analysis (NMA). To allow comparison of all treatments, no maintenance was selected as common comparator and the effect of placebo was assumed to be the same as no treatment. The best option was identified by a Bayesian consistency model based on hazard ratio (HR), 95% credible interval (CrI), probability of being the best treatment (PbBT), and median ranking distribution (MedR). Main Outcomes and Measures: Outcomes of interest were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: Eleven trials and 8 treatments including a total of 5073 participants were included. By PFS analysis, lenalidomide-based regimens (lenalidomide-prednisone, lenalidomide alone) were identified as the most effective options (HR, 0.39 [95% CrI, 0.28-0.53] and 0.47 [95% CrI, 0.39-0.55], respectively; MedR, 1 and 2; overall PbBT, 74%). Four treatments (thalidomide-interferon, thalidomide-bortezomib, bortezomib-prednisone, thalidomide alone) showed an HR in favor of maintenance. By OS analysis, lenalidomide alone was identified as the best option (HR, 0.76; 95% CrI, 0.51-1.16; MedR, 2; PbBT, 38%), followed by bortezomib-thalidomide and bortezomib-prednisone. Similar features were noticed in the restricted network including transplant trials, in the sensitivity analysis, and in most of the prognostic subgroups. Conclusions and Relevance: Based on PFS and OS results of this NMA, lenalidomide maintenance appears to be the best treatment option, by synthesizing the available evidence of novel agent-based maintenance in the past 20 years.
Importance: Several trials demonstrated the impact of novel agent-based maintenance in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM), but there is no current evidence demonstrating the superiority of one regimen over the other, owing to the lack of direct/indirect comparisons. Objective: To analyze and compare the effectiveness of different maintenance regimens in NDMM via a network meta-analysis. Data Sources: We performed 2 independent searches in PubMed and Cochrane databases, and then we identified all the records registered after 1999 and on or before November 20, 2017. Study Selection: By blinded review, we identified prospective phase 3 randomized trials evaluating novel agent-based maintenance in patients with NDMM; the included studies compared at least 2 maintenance approaches; comparators included placebo and no maintenance. From 364 screened records, 11 studies were included. Data Extraction and Synthesis: We followed (independent extraction) the guidelines provided by the PRISMA Report and the EQUATOR Network. The evidence was synthesized using a network meta-analysis (NMA). To allow comparison of all treatments, no maintenance was selected as common comparator and the effect of placebo was assumed to be the same as no treatment. The best option was identified by a Bayesian consistency model based on hazard ratio (HR), 95% credible interval (CrI), probability of being the best treatment (PbBT), and median ranking distribution (MedR). Main Outcomes and Measures: Outcomes of interest were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: Eleven trials and 8 treatments including a total of 5073 participants were included. By PFS analysis, lenalidomide-based regimens (lenalidomide-prednisone, lenalidomide alone) were identified as the most effective options (HR, 0.39 [95% CrI, 0.28-0.53] and 0.47 [95% CrI, 0.39-0.55], respectively; MedR, 1 and 2; overall PbBT, 74%). Four treatments (thalidomide-interferon, thalidomide-bortezomib, bortezomib-prednisone, thalidomide alone) showed an HR in favor of maintenance. By OS analysis, lenalidomide alone was identified as the best option (HR, 0.76; 95% CrI, 0.51-1.16; MedR, 2; PbBT, 38%), followed by bortezomib-thalidomide and bortezomib-prednisone. Similar features were noticed in the restricted network including transplant trials, in the sensitivity analysis, and in most of the prognostic subgroups. Conclusions and Relevance: Based on PFS and OS results of this NMA, lenalidomide maintenance appears to be the best treatment option, by synthesizing the available evidence of novel agent-based maintenance in the past 20 years.
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