Multifunctional Theranostic Nanoparticles Derived from Fruit-Extracted Anthocyanins with Dynamic Disassembly and Elimination Abilities.

Low toxic theranostic nanoparticles that can simultaneously achieve effective tumor accumulation and rapid renal clearance are highly desired for imaging contrast agents and photothermal therapy (PTT) in tumor diagnosis and therapy. Herein, we report a one-pot method for preparing multifunctional nanoparticles (FeAP-NPs) based on the coordination interaction of natural polyphenols (anthocyanins) extracted from fruits, FeIII ions, and poly(l-glutamic acid)- g-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers. The FeAP-NPs possess the following favorable advantages: (1) The components of FeAP-NPs originate from natural products, an endogenous element, and poly(amino acid) derivatives, guaranteeing their safety for in vivo application. (2) FeAP-NPs exhibit excellent dual photoacoustic (PA)/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging capacity and high photothermal efficiency. (3) FeAP-NPs can overcome the intractable dilemma of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and renal clearance for nanomedicine through the dynamic disassembling ability, which induces a switch of the elimination pathway. Complete tumor ablation is realized by PTT in MCF-7-bearing nude mice under the precise guide of PA and MR imaging. The detailed evaluation of the safety, biodistribution, and elimination behaviors of FeAP-NPs is conducted in vitro or in vivo. This work provides a promising comprehensive solution for nanomedicine clinical application.