Cross-Resistance and Baseline Susceptibility of Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) From China to Cycloxaprid.

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a serious pest of rice. At present, the application of chemical insecticides is the main control option for this pest. BPH has evolved resistance to various classes of insecticides. Cycloxaprid, a new oxabridged cis-configuration neonicotinoid insecticide, is a (nitromethylene) imidazole analog of imidacloprid. This study focused on the baseline susceptibility to cycloxaprid of 18 field samples of N. lugens collected from nine geographical locations in China, as well as possible cross-resistances between cycloxaprid and other important neonicotinoids in one laboratory-selected resistant strain of N. lugens to imidacloprid. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of cycloxaprid for the 18 samples ranged from 1.26 to 14.90 mg/liter. Furthermore, the cross-resistance studies showed that the imidacloprid-resistant strain exhibited a 27.63-fold resistance to imidacloprid and lower levels of cross-resistance to acetamiprid (16.64-fold), thiacloprid (12.64-fold), and nitenpyram (16.90-fold); however, there was no cross-resistance to cycloxaprid (1.92-fold). These results indicate that cycloxaprid could be an effective alternative insecticide for the management of N. lugens, which is urgently needed to prevent or delay further increases in insecticide resistance in N. lugens.