Jeanne Murphy1,2, Ruth M Pfeiffer3, Brittny C Davis Lynn3, Ana I Caballero4, Eva P Browne4, Elizabeth C Punska4, Hannah P Yang3, Roni T Falk3, Douglas L Anderton5, Gretchen L Gierach3, Kathleen F Arcaro4, Mark E Sherman6. 1. George Washington University School of Nursing, 1919 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC, 20006, USA. jeannemurphy@gwu.edu. 2. Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. jeannemurphy@gwu.edu. 3. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. 4. Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA. 5. Department of Sociology, Sloan College, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. 6. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Analysis of cytokines and growth factors in human milk offers a noninvasive approach for studying the microenvironment of the postpartum breast, which may better reflect tissue levels than testing blood samples. Given that Black women have a higher incidence of early-onset breast cancers than White women, we hypothesized that milk of the former contains higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and growth factors. METHODS: Participants included 130 Black and 162 White women without a history of a breast biopsy who completed a health assessment questionnaire and donated milk for research. Concentrations of 15 analytes in milk were examined using two multiplex and 4 single-analyte electrochemiluminescent sandwich assays to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines, angiogenesis factors, and adipokines. Mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression was used to identify determinants of analyte levels and to compare results by race, with adjustment for confounders. Factor analysis was used to examine covariation among analytes. RESULTS: Thirteen of 15 analytes were detected in ≥ 25% of the human milk specimens. In multivariable models, elevated BMI was significantly associated with increased concentrations of 5 cytokines: IL-1β, bFGF, FASL, EGF, and leptin (all p-trend < 0.05). Black women had significantly higher levels of leptin and IL-1β, controlling for BMI. Factor analysis of analyte levels identified two factors related to inflammation and growth factor pathways. CONCLUSION: This exploratory study demonstrated the feasibility of measuring pro-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and angiogenesis factors in human milk, and revealed higher levels of some pro-inflammatory factors, as well as increased leptin levels, among Black as compared with White women.
BACKGROUND: Analysis of cytokines and growth factors in human milk offers a noninvasive approach for studying the microenvironment of the postpartum breast, which may better reflect tissue levels than testing blood samples. Given that Black women have a higher incidence of early-onset breast cancers than White women, we hypothesized that milk of the former contains higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and growth factors. METHODS:Participants included 130 Black and 162 White women without a history of a breast biopsy who completed a health assessment questionnaire and donated milk for research. Concentrations of 15 analytes in milk were examined using two multiplex and 4 single-analyte electrochemiluminescent sandwich assays to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines, angiogenesis factors, and adipokines. Mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression was used to identify determinants of analyte levels and to compare results by race, with adjustment for confounders. Factor analysis was used to examine covariation among analytes. RESULTS: Thirteen of 15 analytes were detected in ≥ 25% of the human milk specimens. In multivariable models, elevated BMI was significantly associated with increased concentrations of 5 cytokines: IL-1β, bFGF, FASL, EGF, and leptin (all p-trend < 0.05). Black women had significantly higher levels of leptin and IL-1β, controlling for BMI. Factor analysis of analyte levels identified two factors related to inflammation and growth factor pathways. CONCLUSION: This exploratory study demonstrated the feasibility of measuring pro-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and angiogenesis factors in human milk, and revealed higher levels of some pro-inflammatory factors, as well as increased leptin levels, among Black as compared with White women.
Entities:
Keywords:
Breast cancer risk; Human milk; Prevention; Race
Authors: Jeanne Murphy; Mark E Sherman; Eva P Browne; Ana I Caballero; Elizabeth C Punska; Ruth M Pfeiffer; Hannah P Yang; Maxwell Lee; Howard Yang; Gretchen L Gierach; Kathleen F Arcaro Journal: Breast Cancer Res Treat Date: 2016-04-23 Impact factor: 4.872
Authors: Johanna Holm; Louise Eriksson; Alexander Ploner; Mikael Eriksson; Mattias Rantalainen; Jingmei Li; Per Hall; Kamila Czene Journal: Cancer Res Date: 2017-05-16 Impact factor: 12.701
Authors: Kathleen F Arcaro; Eva P Browne; Wenyi Qin; Ke Zhang; Douglas L Anderton; Edward R Sauter Journal: J Hum Lact Date: 2012-08-20 Impact factor: 2.219
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Authors: Joshua W Ogony; Derek C Radisky; Kathryn J Ruddy; Steven Goodison; Daniel P Wickland; Kathleen M Egan; Keith L Knutson; Yan W Asmann; Mark E Sherman Journal: Cancer Prev Res (Phila) Date: 2020-08-04