Gözde İnci1, Serpil Uğur Baysal2, Ali Rıza Şişman3. 1. Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Izmir, Turkey. 2. Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Social Pediatrics, Izmir, Turkey. 3. Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Izmir, Turkey.
Abstract
AIM: Children are commonly affected by environmental tobacco smoke. The presence of exposure can be deduced from urinary urine kotinine/creatinine ratio and history. The aim of this study was to investigate passive smoking in healthy children between one-month and five year old, and to determine the adverse effects of passive smoking on child health. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Children between one-month and five year old who were regularly monitored for health were included following informed consent given by their parents. The questionnaire method was used. Demographic variables, respiratory tract infections, recurrent infections were questioned. The levels of cotinine, creatinine were measured and the cotinine/creatinine ratios were calculated in urine specimens taken from the children. Growth status and infection frequency were determined using demographic data, cotinine/creatinine ratios in urine, exposure rate to second-hand tobacco smoke of the children. RESULTS: The ratio of household smokers was 70.3%, the ratio of non-smokers was 29.7%. Fifty percent of the mothers were smokers. Urinary cotinine/creatinine ratios were found to be significantly higher in children of smokers compared with children of non-smokers (p=0.011). One third of the children was evaluated as passive smokers. The presence of a smoker at home and the increase in the number of cigarettes smoked during the day increased the frequency of acute respiratory infections (p=0.047). CONCLUSION: In these regularly-monitored preschool children, we found frequent exposure to cigarette smoke. This study contributes to national data and will aid in increasing the awareness for the deleterious effects of passive smoking on child health.
AIM: Children are commonly affected by environmental tobacco smoke. The presence of exposure can be deduced from urinary urine kotinine/creatinine ratio and history. The aim of this study was to investigate passive smoking in healthy children between one-month and five year old, and to determine the adverse effects of passive smoking on child health. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Children between one-month and five year old who were regularly monitored for health were included following informed consent given by their parents. The questionnaire method was used. Demographic variables, respiratory tract infections, recurrent infections were questioned. The levels of cotinine, creatinine were measured and the cotinine/creatinine ratios were calculated in urine specimens taken from the children. Growth status and infection frequency were determined using demographic data, cotinine/creatinine ratios in urine, exposure rate to second-hand tobacco smoke of the children. RESULTS: The ratio of household smokers was 70.3%, the ratio of non-smokers was 29.7%. Fifty percent of the mothers were smokers. Urinary cotinine/creatinine ratios were found to be significantly higher in children of smokers compared with children of non-smokers (p=0.011). One third of the children was evaluated as passive smokers. The presence of a smoker at home and the increase in the number of cigarettes smoked during the day increased the frequency of acute respiratory infections (p=0.047). CONCLUSION: In these regularly-monitored preschool children, we found frequent exposure to cigarette smoke. This study contributes to national data and will aid in increasing the awareness for the deleterious effects of passive smoking on child health.
Authors: G E Matt; D R Wahlgren; M F Hovell; J M Zakarian; J T Bernert; S B Meltzer; J L Pirkle; S Caudill Journal: Tob Control Date: 1999 Impact factor: 7.552
Authors: F W Henderson; H F Reid; R Morris; O L Wang; P C Hu; R W Helms; L Forehand; J Mumford; J Lewtas; N J Haley Journal: Am Rev Respir Dis Date: 1989-07
Authors: Elena Chiappini; Francesca Santamaria; Gian Luigi Marseglia; Paola Marchisio; Luisa Galli; Renato Cutrera; Maurizio de Martino; Sara Antonini; Paolo Becherucci; Paolo Biasci; Barbara Bortone; Sergio Bottero; Valeria Caldarelli; Fabio Cardinale; Guido Castelli Gattinara; Martina Ciarcià; Daniele Ciofi; Sofia D'Elios; Giuseppe Di Mauro; Mattia Doria; Luciana Indinnimeo; Andrea Lo Vecchio; Francesco Macrì; Roberto Mattina; Vito Leonardo Miniello; Michele Miraglia Del Giudice; Guido Morbin; Marco Antonio Motisi; Andrea Novelli; Anna Teresa Palamara; Maria Laura Panatta; Angela Pasinato; Diego Peroni; Katia Perruccio; Giorgio Piacentini; Massimo Pifferi; Lorenzo Pignataro; Emanuela Sitzia; Chiara Tersigni; Sara Torretta; Irene Trambusti; Giulia Trippella; Diletta Valentini; Sandro Valentini; Attilio Varricchio; Maria Carmen Verga; Claudio Vicini; Marco Zecca; Alberto Villani Journal: Ital J Pediatr Date: 2021-10-25 Impact factor: 2.638