Wiebke Fenske1, Julie Refardt1, Irina Chifu1, Ingeborg Schnyder1, Bettina Winzeler1, Juliana Drummond1, Antônio Ribeiro-Oliveira1, Tilman Drescher1, Stefan Bilz1, Deborah R Vogt1, Uwe Malzahn1, Matthias Kroiss1, Emanuel Christ1, Christoph Henzen1, Stefan Fischli1, Anke Tönjes1, Beat Mueller1, Jochen Schopohl1, Jörg Flitsch1, Georg Brabant1, Martin Fassnacht1, Mirjam Christ-Crain1. 1. From the University of Leipzig, Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology (W.F., A.T.), and Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases (W.F.), Leipzig, the Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg (I.C., M.K., M.F.), and the Clinical Trial Center (U.M.) and Central Laboratory (M.F.), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich (J.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (J.F.), and Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology, University Hospital Lübeck, Lübeck (G.B.) - all in Germany; the Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism (J.R., I.S., B.W., E.C., M.C.-C.) and the Clinical Trial Unit (D.R.V.), Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, the Department of Endocrinology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (T.D., S.B.), the Department of Endocrinology, Inselspital Bern, Bern (E.C.), the Department of Endocrinology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne (C.H., S.F.), and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Medical University Clinic, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau (B.M.) - all in Switzerland; and Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (J.D., A.R.-O.), and Hermes Pardini Institute (J.D.), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The indirect water-deprivation test is the current reference standard for the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus. However, it is technically cumbersome to administer, and the results are often inaccurate. The current study compared the indirect water-deprivation test with direct detection of plasma copeptin, a precursor-derived surrogate of arginine vasopressin. METHODS: From 2013 to 2017, we recruited 156 patients with hypotonic polyuria at 11 medical centers to undergo both water-deprivation and hypertonic saline infusion tests. In the latter test, plasma copeptin was measured when the plasma sodium level had increased to at least 150 mmol per liter after infusion of hypertonic saline. The primary outcome was the overall diagnostic accuracy of each test as compared with the final reference diagnosis, which was determined on the basis of medical history, test results, and treatment response, with copeptin levels masked. RESULTS: A total of 144 patients underwent both tests. The final diagnosis was primary polydipsia in 82 patients (57%), central diabetes insipidus in 59 (41%), and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in 3 (2%). Overall, among the 141 patients included in the analysis, the indirect water-deprivation test determined the correct diagnosis in 108 patients (diagnostic accuracy, 76.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 68.9 to 83.2), and the hypertonic saline infusion test (with a copeptin cutoff level of >4.9 pmol per liter) determined the correct diagnosis in 136 patients (96.5%; 95% CI, 92.1 to 98.6; P<0.001). The indirect water-deprivation test correctly distinguished primary polydipsia from partial central diabetes insipidus in 77 of 105 patients (73.3%; 95% CI, 63.9 to 81.2), and the hypertonic saline infusion test distinguished between the two conditions in 99 of 104 patients (95.2%; 95% CI, 89.4 to 98.1; adjusted P<0.001). One serious adverse event (desmopressin-induced hyponatremia that resulted in hospitalization) occurred during the water-deprivation test. CONCLUSIONS: The direct measurement of hypertonic saline-stimulated plasma copeptin had greater diagnostic accuracy than the water-deprivation test in patients with hypotonic polyuria. (Funded by the Swiss National Foundation and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01940614 .).
BACKGROUND: The indirect water-deprivation test is the current reference standard for the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus. However, it is technically cumbersome to administer, and the results are often inaccurate. The current study compared the indirect water-deprivation test with direct detection of plasma copeptin, a precursor-derived surrogate of arginine vasopressin. METHODS: From 2013 to 2017, we recruited 156 patients with hypotonic polyuria at 11 medical centers to undergo both water-deprivation and hypertonicsaline infusion tests. In the latter test, plasma copeptin was measured when the plasma sodium level had increased to at least 150 mmol per liter after infusion of hypertonicsaline. The primary outcome was the overall diagnostic accuracy of each test as compared with the final reference diagnosis, which was determined on the basis of medical history, test results, and treatment response, with copeptin levels masked. RESULTS: A total of 144 patients underwent both tests. The final diagnosis was primary polydipsia in 82 patients (57%), central diabetes insipidus in 59 (41%), and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in 3 (2%). Overall, among the 141 patients included in the analysis, the indirect water-deprivation test determined the correct diagnosis in 108 patients (diagnostic accuracy, 76.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 68.9 to 83.2), and the hypertonicsaline infusion test (with a copeptin cutoff level of >4.9 pmol per liter) determined the correct diagnosis in 136 patients (96.5%; 95% CI, 92.1 to 98.6; P<0.001). The indirect water-deprivation test correctly distinguished primary polydipsia from partial central diabetes insipidus in 77 of 105 patients (73.3%; 95% CI, 63.9 to 81.2), and the hypertonicsaline infusion test distinguished between the two conditions in 99 of 104 patients (95.2%; 95% CI, 89.4 to 98.1; adjusted P<0.001). One serious adverse event (desmopressin-induced hyponatremia that resulted in hospitalization) occurred during the water-deprivation test. CONCLUSIONS: The direct measurement of hypertonicsaline-stimulated plasma copeptin had greater diagnostic accuracy than the water-deprivation test in patients with hypotonic polyuria. (Funded by the Swiss National Foundation and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01940614 .).
Authors: E Ferrante; A Cremaschi; A L Serban; R Indirli; G Grassi; M Locatelli; M Arosio; G Mantovani Journal: J Endocrinol Invest Date: 2021-02-20 Impact factor: 4.256