Ratih Wirapuspita Wisnuwardani1,2, Stefaan De Henauw3, Odysseas Androutsos4, Maria Forsner5,6, Frédéric Gottrand7, Inge Huybrechts3,8, Viktoria Knaze8, Mathilde Kersting9, Cinzia Le Donne10, Ascensión Marcos11, Dénes Molnár12, Joseph A Rothwell8, Augustin Scalbert8, Michael Sjöström13, Kurt Widhalm14, Luis A Moreno15, Nathalie Michels3. 1. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10-4K3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. RatihWirapuspita.Wisnuwardani@UGent.be. 2. Department of Public Health Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. RatihWirapuspita.Wisnuwardani@UGent.be. 3. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10-4K3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. 4. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece. 5. Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. 6. School of Education, Health and Social Sciences, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden. 7. Inserm U995, Université Lille 2, Lille, France. 8. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France. 9. Research Department of Child Nutrition, Pediatric University Clinic Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany. 10. CREA Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178, Rome, Italy. 11. Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain. 12. Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary. 13. Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 14. Department of Pediatric, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. 15. GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, University of Zaragoza, Edificio del SAI, C/Pedro Cerbuna s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Knowledge about polyphenols intakes and their determinants among adolescents might be helpful for planning targeted prevention strategies at an early age. METHODS: In the European multicenter cross-sectional HELENA study of 2006-2007, 2428 subjects (47% boys) had data on dietary intake of polyphenols from 2 non-consecutive 24 h recalls via linking with the Phenol-Explorer database. Differences by sex, age, country, BMI, maternal education, paternal education, family affluence, smoking status, alcohol use, and physical activity were explored by linear regression. RESULTS: Median, lower and upper quartiles of polyphenol intakes were 326, 167 and 564 mg/day, respectively. Polyphenol intake was significantly higher in the oldest (16-17.49 years), girls, non-Mediterranean countries, lowest BMI, highest paternal education, and alcohol consumers. Main food contributors were fruit (23%, mainly apple and pear, i.e., 16.3%); chocolate products (19.2%); and fruit and vegetable juices (15.6%). Main polyphenol classes were flavonoids (75-76% of total) and phenolic acids (17-19% of total). The three most consumed polyphenols were proanthocyanidin polymers (> 10 mers), hesperidin, and proanthocyanidin 4-6 oligomers. CONCLUSION: The current study provided for the first time numbers on the total polyphenol intake and their main food sources in a heterogeneous group of European adolescents. Major differences with adult populations are the lower polyphenol consumption and the major food sources, such as chocolate and biscuits. The discussed determinants and polyphenol types already point to some important population groups that need to be targeted in future public health initiatives.
PURPOSE: Knowledge about polyphenols intakes and their determinants among adolescents might be helpful for planning targeted prevention strategies at an early age. METHODS: In the European multicenter cross-sectional HELENA study of 2006-2007, 2428 subjects (47% boys) had data on dietary intake of polyphenols from 2 non-consecutive 24 h recalls via linking with the Phenol-Explorer database. Differences by sex, age, country, BMI, maternal education, paternal education, family affluence, smoking status, alcohol use, and physical activity were explored by linear regression. RESULTS: Median, lower and upper quartiles of polyphenol intakes were 326, 167 and 564 mg/day, respectively. Polyphenol intake was significantly higher in the oldest (16-17.49 years), girls, non-Mediterranean countries, lowest BMI, highest paternal education, and alcohol consumers. Main food contributors were fruit (23%, mainly apple and pear, i.e., 16.3%); chocolate products (19.2%); and fruit and vegetable juices (15.6%). Main polyphenol classes were flavonoids (75-76% of total) and phenolic acids (17-19% of total). The three most consumed polyphenols were proanthocyanidin polymers (> 10 mers), hesperidin, and proanthocyanidin 4-6 oligomers. CONCLUSION: The current study provided for the first time numbers on the total polyphenol intake and their main food sources in a heterogeneous group of European adolescents. Major differences with adult populations are the lower polyphenol consumption and the major food sources, such as chocolate and biscuits. The discussed determinants and polyphenol types already point to some important population groups that need to be targeted in future public health initiatives.
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