Low- and middle-income countries can reduce risks of subsequent neoplasms by referring pediatric craniospinal cases to centralized proton treatment centers.

Few children with cancer in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have access to proton therapy. Evidence exists to support replacing photon therapy with proton therapy to reduce the incidence of secondary malignant neoplasms (SMNs) in childhood cancer survivors. The purpose of this study was to estimate the potential reduction in SMN incidence and in SMN mortality for pediatric medulloblastoma patients in LMICs if proton therapy were made available to them. For nine children of ages 2 to 14 years, we calculated the equivalent dose in organs or tissues at risk for radiogenic SMNs from therapeutic and stray radiation for photon craniospinal irradiation (CSI) in a LMIC and proton CSI in a high-income country. We projected the lifetime risks of SMN incidence and SMN mortality for every SMN site with a widely-used model from the literature. We found that the average total lifetime attributable risks of incidence and mortality were very high for both photon CSI (168% and 41%, respectively) and proton CSI (88% and 26%, respectively). SMNs having the highest risk of mortality were lung cancer (16%), non-site-specific solid tumors (16%), colon cancer (5.9%), leukemia (5.4%), and for girls breast cancer (5.0%) after photon CSI and non-site-specific solid tumors (12%), lung cancer (11%), and leukemia (4.8%) after proton CSI. The risks were higher for younger children than for older children and higher for girls than for boys. The ratios of proton CSI to photon CSI of total risks of SMN incidence and mortality were 0.56 (95% CI, 0.37 to 0.75) and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.45 to 0.82), respectively, averaged over this sample group. In conclusion, proton therapy has the potential to lessen markedly subsequent SMNs and SMN fatalities in survivors of childhood medulloblastoma in LMICs, for example, through regional centralized care. Additional methods should be explored urgently to reduce therapeutic-field doses in organs and tissues at risk for SMN, especially in the lungs, colon, and breast tissues.