Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 8-Quinolinamines and Their Amino Acid Conjugates as Broad-Spectrum Anti-infectives.

In the search of therapeutic agents for emerging drug-resistant parasites, the synthesis of newer classes of 8-quinolinamines has emerged as a successful chemotherapeutic approach. We report synthesis of 8-quinolinamines bearing 5-alkoxy, 4-methyl, and 2-tert-butyl groups in the quinoline framework and their amino acid conjugates as broad-spectrum anti-infectives. 8-Quinolinamines exhibited potent in vitro antimalarial activity [IC50 = 20-4760 ng/mL (drug-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum D6 strain) and IC50 = 22-4760 ng/mL (drug-resistant P. falciparum W2 strain)]. The most promising analogues have cured all animals at 25 mg/kg/day against drug-sensitive Plasmodium berghei and at 50 mg/kg/day against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infections in Swiss mice. The in vitro antileishmanial activities (IC50 = 0.84-5.0 μg/mL and IC90 = 1.95-7.0 μg/mL) comparable to standard drug pentamidine were exhibited by several of the synthesized 8-quinolinamines. At the same time, very promising antifungal activities (Candida albicans-IC50 = 4.93-19.38 μg/mL; Candida glabrata-IC50 = 3.96-19.22 μg/mL; Candida krusei-IC50 = 2.89-18.95 μg/mL; Cryptococcus neoformans-IC50 = 0.67-18.64 μg/mL; and Aspergillus fumigatus-IC50 = 6.0-19.32 μg/mL) and antibacterial activities (Staphylococcus aureus-IC50 = 1.33-18.9 μg/mL; methicillin-resistant S. aureus-IC50 = 1.38-15.34 μg/mL; and Mycobacterium intracellulare-IC50 = 3.12-20 μg/mL) were also observed. None of the 8-quinolinamines exhibited cytotoxicity and therefore are a promising structural class of compounds as antiparasitic and antimicrobials.

Introduction

Infectious diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. Malaria is one of the most prevalent protozoan parasitic diseases caused by Plasmodium species, particularly Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale. The disease spreads through vector female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. A fifth species causing malaria in humans, Plasmodium knowlesi, has recently emerged. P. knowlesi is distributed across South-East Asia and often misdiagnosed by microscopy as P. malariae. P. knowlesi causes a serious form of malaria, resulting in severe infection with a rate of 6–9% and a case fatality rate of 3%. Malaria causes considerable morbidity and mortality and is associated with approximately 800 000 deaths worldwide each year.[1] Despite global effort to control malaria, the disease remains endemic in several parts of the world. According to the 2017 World Health Organization report, 212 million new cases of malaria worldwide in 91 countries have been reported and around 1.2 billion are at high risk. The disease is highly endemic in the African countries, where it causes significant mortality among the vulnerable children and pregnant women.[2] At the same time, according to the WHO, leishmaniasis, a parasitic infectious disease, affects every year an estimated 1.3 million people from 98 nationalities, mainly in developing countries of the tropical and subtropical regions, but also around the Mediterranean area, including southern Europe.[3,4] Leishmaniasis is the second most lethal parasitic infection with about 30 000 annual deaths, considering that the number of cases is certainly underevaluated, as leishmaniasis is a reportable disease in only 33 countries. This infection is due to a protozoan parasite of the Leishmania genus, transmitted to its mammal hosts (humans, dogs, monkeys, and rodents) by the bite of an infected Phlebotominae sand fly. Similarly, increasing numbers of multidrug-resistant microbial pathogens have become a serious problem, particularly during the last decade and provide an impetus for the search and discovery of novel antibacterial and antifungal agents.[5] Therefore, an urgent need for new treatments is necessary because of the spread of drug resistance to current medications.

In an attempt to develop compounds that exhibit promising antimalarial, antileishmanial, and antimicrobial activities, we have previously observed that 8-quinolinamine is a versatile class of compounds that exhibit a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities such as antimalarial, antileishmanial, and antimicrobial.[6−18] We have earlier reported several ring-substituted 8-quinolinamines possessing remarkable antimalarial activities. For instance, compounds containing alkoxy groups (OC5H11 and OC8H17) at the C-5 position and the alkyl group (C2H5) at the C-4 position of antimalarial drug primaquine (PQ) exhibit in vitro and in vivo biological efficacy higher than chloroquine (CQ) against both CQ-sensitive (CQS) and CQ-resistant (CQR) strains (IC50 = 9.4 and 9.7 ng/mL, respectively).[10] We have also reported synthesis of a series containing metabolically stable bulky alkyl groups at the C-2 position of the quinoline ring in PQ. The most promising analogue, 2-tert-butylprimaquine, displayed potent in vitro antimalarial activity (IC50 = 39 ng/mL), which was superior to that of CQ (IC50 = 113 ng/mL).[11] Similarly, we have reported antimalarial activities of 4,5-disubsituted-8-quinolinamines and their amino acid conjugates.[10,13,17,18] Trouet et al. have earlier proposed that linking PQ to small peptides reduces its toxicity and increases its activity.[19] Later, Carroll et al. have reported peptide derivatives of PQ as potential antimalarials possessing blood schizontocidal activity against Plasmodium berghei in mice.[20] Upon the basis of these observations, we synthesized and evaluated amino acid conjugates of PQ and other ring-substituted 8-quinolinamines. Several analogues display high in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity and in vitro antileishmanial and antimicrobial activities.[18] In continuation of our research on the structural diversification of 8-quinolinamines, herein, we have synthesized hybrid derivatives in which the quinoline ring is substituted at the C-2 position with a 2-tert-butyl group, while the C-4 position of the ring is either unsubstituted or has a methyl group. The C-5 position of the ring in these cases is substituted with an alkoxy group or with a phenoxy group (45–55). The amino acid conjugates (90–123) of the 5-alkoxy-2-tert-butyl group containing 8-quinolinamines (45–49) were subsequently synthesized wherein both hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids were placed at the side chain terminal amino group. Herein, we report synthesis, antimalarial, antileishmanial, and antimicrobial activities of the synthesized 8-quinolinamines and their amino acid conjugates.

Results and Discussion

With a view to prepare the target quinoline derivatives, the key intermediates 6-methoxy-8-nitroquinolines (1–11) were synthesized by adopting the literature methods.[6−8] 5-Alkoxy/aryloxy-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinolines (1–5 and 11) were synthesized by reaction of corresponding 4-alkoxy-6-methoxy-2-nitroanilines with acrolein via Skraup synthesis in the presence of arsenic(V) oxide and o-phosphoric acid at 100 °C, whereas compounds 6–10 were prepared by the reaction of respective nitroanilines with methylvinylketone in the presence of o-phosphoric acid at 100 °C. The 8-nitroquinolines (1–11) upon direct ring alkylation via silver-catalyzed radical oxidative decarboxylation of trimethylacetic acid in the presence of ammonium persulfate in CH3CN and 10% H2SO4 at 80 °C produced 2-tert-butyl-5-alkoxy/aryloxy-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinolines (12–22). The nitroquinolines (12–22) were converted to the requisite 2-tert-butyl-4,5-disubstituted-N8-(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)-6-methoxy-8-quinolinamines (45–55) in three steps following the previously published procedure (Scheme ).[9−11]

Scheme 1

Synthesis of 2-tert-Butyl-4,5-disubstituted-6-methoxy-8-quinolinamines (45–55)

Reactions and conditions: (i) (CH3)3CCO2H, AgNO3, (NH4)2S2O8, 10% H2SO4, CH3CN, 80 °C, 15 min; (ii) Raney Ni, H2, EtOH, 45 psi, 45 min; (iii) 2-(4-bromopentyl)-1,3-isoindolinedione, Et3N, 120 °C, 16 h; and (iv) NH2NH2·H2O, EtOH, 120 °C, 6 h.

First, catalytic hydrogenation of 12–22 with Raney nickel in absolute ethanol gave 2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-4/5-substituted-8-aminoquinolines (23–33). Condensation reaction of (23–33) with 2-(4-bromopentyl)-1,3-isoindolinedione in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) at 120 °C provides 2-[4-(2-tert-butyl-4/5-substituted-8-quinolylamino)pentyl]-1,3-isoindolinediones (34–44), which upon hydrozinolysis with hydrazine hydrate in the presence of ethanol at 80 °C for 24 h afforded 4/5-substituted-2-tert-butylprimaquine derivatives (45–55). 2-tert-Butyl-5-alkoxy-6-methoxy-8-quinolinamines (45–49) upon condensation reaction with N-α-butoxycarbonyl (Boc)-protected amino acids in the presence of 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) for 4 h gave the protected amino acid derivatives (56–99) in excellent yields.[12] The reactive amino group present at the side chain was protected by a Boc group in the cases of Lys and Orn. At the same time, Arg was protected by a dicarbobenzyloxy (di-Cbz) group on the guanido group, while amino acid His was protected by a Nπ-benzyloxymethyl group on the imidazole ring. The remaining coupled amino acids required no protection on the side chain. A combination of hydrophobic amino acids (Leu, Ile, Phe, Ala, and Trp) and hydrophilic amino acids (Lys, Orn, Arg, d-Arg, Pro, and His) was conjugated with a view to examine the role of their side chains in bioactivity.

The removal of the side chain N-Cbz group of the protected Arg amino acid derivatives was accomplished using 10% Pd/C in MeOH. The final Boc protection in the presence of 4 N HCl in MeOH proceeded smoothly to afford the free amino group containing 8-quinolinamine amino acid conjugates (90–123) (Scheme ).[13]

Scheme 2

Synthesis of Amino Acid Conjugates (90–123) of 2-tert-Butyl-5-alkoxy-6-methoxy-8-quinolinamines

Reactions and conditions: (i) Cbz/Boc-AA-OH, DCC, CH2Cl2, 0 °C, 6 h; and (ii) 10% Pd/C, H2, MeOH, 1 h, rt, 4 N HCl/MeOH, 1 h, rt.

Antimalarial Activity

Determination of in vitro antimalarial activity was based on the assay of plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity.[21] The antimalarial activities of all synthesized analogues are reported as IC50 values against CQS (D6) and CQR (W2) strains of P. falciparum in Table . Among the analogues, the most effective was N4-(2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-5-(pentyloxy)quinolin-8-yl)-pentane-1,4-diamine (R = OC5H11, R1 = H, 46), which exhibited potent antimalarial activity with IC50 of 20 ng/mL for D6 strain and 22 ng/mL for W2 clone of P. falciparum. In the same test, standard drugs CQ produced IC50s of 15.0 ng/mL (D6 clone) and 140 ng/mL (W2 clone) and artemisinin (ART) produced IC50s of 11.0 ng/mL (D6 clone) and 9.0 ng/mL (W2 clone).

Table 1

In Vitro Antimalarial Activities and Cytoxicity of 8-Quinolinaminesa

				P. falciparum (D6)		P. falciparum (W2)		cytotoxicity (μg/mL)
no.	R	R1	R2	IC50 (ng/mL)	SI	IC50 (ng/mL)	SI	CTX
45	OC4H9	H		NA		3300	>1.4	NC
46	OC5H11	H		20	>238	22	>216	NC
47	OC6H13	H		42	>113	40	>119	NC
48	OC7H15	H		50	>95	37	>129	NC
49	OC8H17	H		53	>90	40	>119	NC
50	OC4H9	CH3		2200	>2.2	980	>4.9	NC
51	OC5H11	CH3		4500	>1.1	3800	>1.3	NC
52	OC6H13	CH3		NA		NA		NC
53	OC7H15	CH3		2000	>2.4	1300	>3.7	NC
54	OC8H17	CH3		NA		NA		NC
55	O-Ph(3,4-Cl2)	H		140	>34	130	>37	NC
90	OC4H9	H	Lys	4700	>1	2900	>1.6	NC
91	OC4H9	H	Orn	2800	>1.7	1300	>3.7	NC
92	OC5H11	H	Lys	110	>43	52	>92	NC
93	OC5H11	H	Orn	1000	>5	870	>5.5	NC
94	OC5H11	H	Arg	4760	>1	4000	>1.2	NC
95	OC5H11	H	Leu	3500	>1.4	2300	>2.1	NC
96	OC5H11	H	Ile	NA		NA		NC
97	OC5H11	H	Phe	2500	>1.9	1300	>3.7	NC
98	OC5H11	H	Trp	NA		NA		NC
99	OC6H13	H	Lys	90	>53	36	>132	NC
100	OC6H13	H	Orn	860	>5.5	730	>6.5	NC
101	OC6H13	H	d-Arg	800	>6	330	>14.4	NC
102	OC6H13	H	Met	2800	>1.7	2800	>1.7	NC
103	OC6H13	H	Pro	4000	>1.2	2700	>1.8	NC
104	OC6H13	H	Ile	4760	>1	4000	>1.2	NC
105	OC6H13	H	His	2400	>2	1700	>2.8	NC
106	OC6H13	H	Phe	NA		NA		NC
107	OC6H13	H	Ala	NA		NA		NC
108	OC6H13	H	Trp	NA		NA		NC
109	OC7H15	H	Lys	800	>6	680	>7	NC
110	OC7H15	H	Orn	3200	>1.5	1600	>3	NC
111	OC7H15	H	Arg	390	>12	240	>20	NC
112	OC7H15	H	Phe	3200	>1.5	2200	>2.2	NC
113	OC7H15	H	Pro	2400	>2	1500	>3.2	NC
114	OC7H15	H	Ile	4500	>1.1	2900	>1.6	NC
115	OC7H15	H	Trp	3300	>1.4	2800	>1.7	NC
116	OC7H15	H	Met	4760	>1	3200	>1.5	NC
117	OC8H17	H	Lys	NA		NA		NC
118	OC8H17	H	Orn	NA		NA		NC
119	OC8H17	H	Ile	NA		NA		NC
120	OC8H17	H	Met	160	>30	150	>32	NC
121	OC8H17	H	Phe	NA		NA		NC
122	OC8H17	H	Trp	NA		NA		NC
123	OC8H17	H	Pro	NA		NA		NC
CQ				15.0	>317	140	>34
ART				11.0	>433	9.0	>529

IC50 is the concentration (μg/mL) that affords 50% inhibition of growth; NC, not cytotoxic up to 4760 ng/mL (4.76 μg/mL). NA, not active. Selectivity index is the ratio of IC50 in Vero cells to IC50 in P. falciparum (D6 or W2).

Other notable analogues of the series, 47 [R = OC6H13, R1 = H, IC50 = 42 ng/mL (D6 strain), IC50 = 42 ng/mL (W2 strain)], 48 [R = OC7H15, R1 = H, IC50 = 50 ng/mL (D6 strain), IC50 = 37 ng/mL (W2 strain)], 49 [R = OC8H17, R1 = H, IC50 = 53 ng/mL (D6 strain), IC50 = 40 ng/mL (W2 strain)], 55 [R = OPh(3,4-Cl2), R1 = H, IC50 = 140 ng/mL (D6 strain), IC50 = 130 ng/mL (W2 strain)], 92 [R = OC5H11, R1 = H, R2 = Lys, IC50 = 110 ng/mL (D6 strain), IC50 = 52 ng/mL (W2 strain)], 99 [R = OC6H13, R1 = H, R2 = Lys, IC50 = 90 ng/mL (D6 strain), IC50 = 36 ng/mL (W2 strain)], 111 [R = OC7H15, R1 = H, R2 = Arg, IC50 = 390 ng/mL (D6 strain), IC50 = 240 ng/mL (W2 strain)], and 120 [R = OC8H17, R1 = H, R2 = Met, IC50 = 160 ng/mL (D6 strain), IC50 = 150 ng/mL (W2 strain)], also produced potent in vitro antimalarial activities (Table ). The remaining analogues of the series were either moderately active or did not show any inhibition of P. falciparum. It is important to note that 8-quinolinamines produced higher inhibition of drug-resistant W2 strain compared to drug-sensitive D6 of P. falciparum, clearly amplifying the significance of this class in drug-resistant malaria. We observed potent antimalarial activity by 8-quinolinamines (46–49) that contains an alkoxy group (ranged between C5 and C8) and a 2-tert-butyl group. The addition of a methyl group at the C-4 position compounds 46–49 results in a dramatic loss of activity (compounds 50–54). The conjugation of compounds (45–49) with an amino acid generally results in the loss of antimalarial activity; however, basic amino acids (Lys and Arg)-conjugated compounds 92, 99, and 111 displayed promising antimalarial activity, though to a degree less than their nonconjugated counterparts.

All analogues were also evaluated for cytotoxicity up to the highest test concentration of 4760 ng/mL in a panel of four cancerous cell lines (SK-MEL, KB, BT-549, and SK-OV-3) and two noncancerous mammalian cells (VERO and LLC-PK1) using the neutral red assay procedure as described earlier,[22,23] and none showed any cytotoxicity, thereby exhibiting a selectivity index ranged between >216 and >1.2 for the protozoan parasitic infection.

The most promising 8-quinoliamines were then evaluated for the blood-schizontocidal antimalarial activity against P. berghei (sensitive strain) in a rodent model (Table ).[10] Briefly, testing was conducted at various concentrations orally in Swiss mice (six mice per group). The concentrations tested were 100, 50, 25, and 10 mg/kg/day × 4 (oral). The compounds were administered on days 0–3 after infection. The results were compared to a positive control group of mice treated with CQ at the suppressive dose of 10 mg/kg/day × 4 (oral) and a negative control group of mice where no treatment for the infection was administered, and in this case, 100% mortality is observed within 6–8 days, with a mean survival time of 6.2 days. Except for 8-quinolinamine 51 that was inactive, all other analogues (46–50, 92, 99, 111, and 121) produced 100% cure at the primary tested dose of 100 mg/kg against P. berghei infection in mice. Upon evaluation at the subsequent lower dose of 50 mg/kg, compounds 46–49 and 111 produced 100% cure with all treated animals surviving on day 60 (termination of experiment), while remaining compounds 50, 92, 99, and 121 produced suppressive activity. Analogues 46–49 also produced curative activity at the lower dose of 25 mg/kg, while the remaining tested compounds were inactive with no animals surviving at the termination of the experiment on day 60. None of the analogues (46–49) were curative at the lowest test concentration of 10 mg/kg but produced suppressive activity with few surviving animals (Table ). Analogues 46–49 were then tested in vivo against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelli nigeriensis.[10] Compounds 46 and 47 cured 100% mice at a dose of 100 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. The same compounds were suppressive at the lowest tested dose of 25 mg/kg. At the same time, analogues 48 and 49 were suppressive at the tested dose of 100 and 50 mg/kg, while they were inactive at the lowest tested dose of 25 mg/kg (Table ). The in vitro results corroborated by the in vivo antimalarial results further confirmed the advantage of synthesized 8-quinolinamines in drug-resistant malaria chemotherapy. We noted that the presence of the pentaloxy group at the C-5 position of the quinoline ring along with a 2-tert-butyl group provide optimum activity, while the introduction of a methyl group at the C-4 position results in a dramatic loss of activity. In the cases of amino acid-conjugated 8-quinolinamines, the attachment of basic amino acids, especially Lys, results in enhanced antimalarial activity.

Table 2

In Vivo Antimalarial Activities of 8-Quinolinaminesa

	P. berghei (mg/kg/day × 4, oral)				P. yoelii nigeriensis (mg/kg/day × 4, oral)
no.	100 mg/kg	50 mg/kg	25 mg/kg	10 mg/kg	100 mg/kg	50 mg/kg	25 mg/kg
46	curative (6/6)	curative (6/6)	curative (6/6)	active (4/6)	curative (6/6)	curative (6/6)	active (4/6)
47	curative (6/6)	curative (6/6)	curative (6/6)	active (5/6)	curative (6/6)	curative (6/6)	inactive (0/6)
48	curative (6/6)	curative (6/6)	curative (6/6)	active (4/6)	active (4/6)	active (3/6)	inactive (0/6)
49	curative (6/6)	curative (6/6)	curative (6/6)	active (4/6)	active (4/6)	active (3/6)	inactive (0/6)
50	curative (6/6)	active (4/6)
51	inactive (0/6)
92	curative (6/6)	active (4/6)	inactive (0/6)
99	curative (6/6)	active (3/6)	inactive (0/6)
111	curative (6/6)	curative (6/6)	inactive (0/6)
121	curative (6/6)	active (3/6)	inactive (0/6)
CQ	curative (6/6)	curative (6/6)	curative (6/6)	active (2/6)	inactive (0/6)	inactive (0/6)	inactive (0/6)

The term “curative” indicates complete elimination of malaria parasites from the body, and animals survive up to day D + 60. The term “active” or “suppressive” indicates that all of the treated animals show negative parasitaemia up to D + 7. However, by D + 60, some mice die, and some survive with complete elimination of parasitaemia. The term “inactive” indicates that the treated animals show positive parasitaemia either on D + 4 or D + 7 and usually die by D + 14.

Antileishmanial Activity

Antileishmanial activity of the 8-quinolinamines was tested in vitro against a culture of Leishmania donovani promastigotes by alamarBlue assay.[24,25] It was interesting to note that 8-quinolinamine analogues, 47–49, 50, 52–53, 95, 97–98, 102–103, 105, 113–114, and 116 exhibited strong antileishmanial activities, with IC50 values ranging between 0.84 and 5.9 μg/mL (Table ). The activity was comparable to the standard drug pentamidine (IC50 = 1.4 μg/mL) used as the positive control. Their IC90 values ranged from 1.95 to 22 μg/mL as compared to IC90 of 6.0 μg/mL for pentamidine. However, analogues were less potent than amphotericin B (IC50 = 0.1 μg/mL and IC90 = 0.3 μg/mL). The notable examples that produced potent activities are 52 (IC50 = 1.77 μg/mL, IC90 = 2.55 μg/mL), 53 (IC50 = 0.84 μg/mL, IC90 = 1.95 μg/mL), 95 (IC50 = 3.5 μg/mL, IC90 = 6.5 μg/mL), 97 (IC50 = 4.0 μg/mL, IC90 = 6.5 μg/mL), 105 (IC50 = 3.5 μg/mL, IC90 = 7.0 μg/mL), 113 (IC50 = 3.8 μg/mL, IC90 = 7 μg/mL), and 114 (IC50 = 3.8 μg/mL, IC90 = 7 μg/mL).

Table 3

In Vitro Antileishmanial Activities of 8-Quinolinaminesa

				L. donovani
no.	R	R1	R2	IC50 (μg/mL)	IC90 (μg/mL)
45	OC4H9	H		NA	NA
46	OC5H11	H		32	>40
47	OC6H13	H		4.6	>40
48	OC7H15	H		5.0	>40
49	OC8H17	H		5.2	>40
50	OC4H9	CH3		1.5	3.65
51	OC5H11	CH3		16.17	23.87
52	OC6H13	CH3		1.77	2.55
53	OC7H15	CH3		0.84	1.95
54	OC8H17	CH3		9.74	15.56
55	O-Ph(3,4-Cl2)	H		11	>40
90	OC4H9	H	Lys	NA	NA
91	OC4H9	H	Orn	NA	NA
92	OC5H11	H	Lys	NA	NA
93	OC5H11	H	Orn	NA	NA
94	OC5H11	H	Arg	18	32
95	OC5H11	H	Leu	3.5	6.5
96	OC5H11	H	Ile	8.65	32.65
97	OC5H11	H	Phe	4.0	6.5
98	OC5H11	H	Trp	1.81	2.93
99	OC6H13	H	Lys	NA	NA
100	OC6H13	H	Orn	NA	NA
101	OC6H13	H	d-Arg	NA	NA
102	OC6H13	H	Met	5.9	22
103	OC6H13	H	Pro	4.0	6.8
104	OC6H13	H	Ile	16	30
105	OC6H13	H	His	3.5	7
106	OC6H13	H	Phe	9.89	>40
107	OC6H13	H	Ala	17.13	37.31
108	OC6H13	H	Trp	19.1	>40
109	OC7H15	H	Lys	NA	NA
110	OC7H15	H	Orn	NA	NA
111	OC7H15	H	Arg	NA	NA
112	OC7H15	H	Phe	20	36
113	OC7H15	H	Pro	3.8	7
114	OC7H15	H	Ile	3.8	7
115	OC7H15	H	Trp	19	32
116	OC7H15	H	Met	4.1	12
117	OC8H17	H	Lys	NA	NA
118	OC8H17	H	Orn	26.61	37.9
119	OC8H17	H	Ile	6.04	26.93
120	OC8H17	H	Met	6.99	26.44
121	OC8H17	H	Phe	11.82	28.66
122	OC8H17	H	Trp	9.32	25.69
123	OC8H17	H	Pro	12.38	38.39
pentamidine				1.1	2.5
amphotericin B (AMP)				0.1	0.3

IC50 and IC90 are the sample concentrations that kill 50 and 90% cells compared to vehicle control.

It is interesting to note that most active antileishmanial compound 53 (R = OC7H15, R1 = CH3) produced very weak antimalarial activity, hence providing a high degree of selectivity for leishmania infection. Interestingly, an exact opposite trend for activity was noted for leishmania when compared to malaria. In these cases, higher activity was observed for compounds that possess a methyl group at the C-4 position. The same trend was also observed for conjugated 8-quinolinamines, wherein almost all basic amino acid conjugates were inactive as antileishmanials while those with hydrophobic amino acids displayed high activity (Table ).

Antifungal Activity

The antifungal activities of the 8-quinolinamines against the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus along with the positive control amphotericin B are summarized in Table . IC50s, MICs, and MFCs were determined according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) methods.[26−28]

Table 4

In Vitro Antifungal Activities of 8-Quinolinaminesa

	C. albicans			C. glabrata			C. krusei			C. neoformans			A. fumigatus
no.	IC50	MIC	MFC	IC50	MIC	MFC	IC50	MIC	MFC	IC50	MIC	MFC	IC50	MIC	MFC
45	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
46	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
47	15.45	20.00	20.00	11.49	20.00	20.00	7.16	10.00	10.00	2.97	5.00	5.00	NA	NA	NA
48	4.93	10.00	10.00	3.96	5.00	5.00	4.44	5.00	5.00	2.07	2.50	2.50	6.00	>20	>20
49	7.44	10.00	10.00	6.19	10.00	10.00	5.82	10.00	10.00	2.15	5.00	5.00	NA	NA	NA
50	15.00	>20	>20	16.27	>20	>20	5.75	10.00	10.00	0.58	1.25	2.50	14.70	>20	>20
51	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	4.45	20.00	20.00	NA	NA	NA
52	5.91	10.00	10.00	5.16	10.00	20.00	3.73	5.00	5.00	0.84	1.25	2.50	19.00	>20	>20
53	5.06	10.00	10.00	4.3	5.00	5.00	2.89	5.00	5.00	0.67	1.25	1.25	19.32	>20	>20
54	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	9.96	>20	>20	NA	NA	NA
55	NA	NA	NA	19.41	20.00	20.00	8.65	20.00	20.00	3.18	5.00	5.00	NA	NA	NA
90	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
91	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
92	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	10.86	>20	>20	NA	NA	NA
93	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	10.13	>20	>20	NA	NA	NA
94	18.64	20.00	20.00	19.05	20.00	20.00	NA	NA	NA	1.41	2.50	2.50	NA	NA	NA
95	18.45	>20	>20	11.31	20.00	20.00	8.73	10.00	10.00	1.68	2.50	2.50	NA	NA	NA
96	NA	NA	NA	15.24	>20	>20	NA	NA	NA	4.95	10.00	10.00	NA	NA	NA
97	NA	NA	NA	10.95	20.00	20.00	7.37	10.00	10.00	2.29	2.50	2.50	NA	NA	NA
98	18.75	>20	>20	9.72	20.00	20.00	4.28	10.00	10.00	1.21	2.50	2.50	NA	NA	NA
99	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	18.64	>20	>20	NA	NA	NA
100	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
101	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	14.30	>20	>20	NA	NA	NA
102	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
103	11.54	20.00	20.00	8.91	10.00	10.00	8.76	10.00	10.00	1.49	2.50	2.50	NA	NA	NA
104	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
105	19.38	>20	>20	19.22	20.00	20.00	18.95	>20	>20	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
106	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	9.83	20.00	20.00	NA	NA	NA
107	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
108	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	5.09	10.00	10.00	NA	NA	NA
109	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
110	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
111	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	13.24	>20	>20	NA	NA	NA
112	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	4.56	5.00	5.00	NA	NA	NA
113	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	2.93	5.00	5.00	NA	NA	NA
114	14.22	>20	>20	5.01	10.00	10.00	4.38	10.00	10.00	1.07	2.50	2.50	NA	NA	NA
115	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	1.36	2.50	2.50	NA	NA	NA
116	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	1.29	10.00	10.00	NA	NA	NA
117	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	11.92	>20	>20	NA	NA	NA
118	19.95	>20	>20	8.05	>20	>20	15.36	>20	>20	4.93	>20	>20	NA	NA	NA
119	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	2.87	10.00	10.00	NA	NA	NA
120	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	2.74	5.00	5.00	NA	NA	NA
121	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	17.32	>20	>20	NA	NA	NA
122	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	6.80	20.00	>20	NA	NA	NA
123	NA	NA	NA	10.96	20.00	20.00	NA	NA	NA	2.89	5.00	5.00	NA	NA	NA
AMP	0.17	0.63	1.25	0.31	0.63	1.25	0.49	1.25	1.25	0.30	0.63	0.63	0.68	1.25	2.50

IC50 = the concentration (μg/mL) that affords 50% growth inhibition. MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration (the lowest concentration in μg/mL that allows no detectable growth). MFC, minimum fungicidal concentration (the lowest concentration in μg/mL that kills the organism). NA, no activity at the highest test concentration of 20 μg/mL.

Analogue 48 exhibited a broad spectrum of antifungal activities among all 8-quinolinamines tested and produced fungicidal action against C. albicans (IC50 = 4.93 μg/mL, MIC = MFC = 10 μg/mL), C. glabrata (IC50 = 3.96 μg/mL, MIC = MFC = 5.0 μg/mL), C. krusei (IC50 = 4.44 μg/mL, MIC = MFC = 5.0 μg/mL), C. neoformans (IC50 = 2.07 μg/mL, MIC = MFC = 2.50 μg/mL), and A. fumigatus (IC50 = 6.0 μg/mL). Analogues 49, 52, and 53 also exhibited promising activity against all the fungal strains with MICs as low as 5.0 μg/mL. Several other compounds produced promising antifungal effects with IC50 values in the range of 0.58–6.8 μg/mL against C. neoformans. These compounds also exhibited MICs in the range of 1.25–5.0 μg/mL against C. neoformans with MFC values in the range of 2.5–5.0 μg/mL (Table ). Compounds 50 and 53 turned out to be highly effective against C. neoformans with IC50 of 0.58 and 0.67 μg/mL, respectively. These values are comparable to standard drug amphotericin used in the experiments. In a nutshell, the presence of the C-5-heptyloxy group with or without a C-4 methyl group at the 8-quinolinamine structure exhibited potent antifungal activity while the attachment of amino acids to the quinoline side chain produced inactive analogues.

Antibacterial Activity

The antibacterial activities of the 8-quinolinamines against Staphylococcus aureus (SA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Mycobacterium intracellulare are reported in Table , including the positive control ciprofloxacin. Susceptibility of SA and MRSA to test compounds was determined according to the procedure as described by the NCCLS.[27,28]

Table 5

In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of 8-Quinolinaminesa

	SA			MRSA			M. intracellulare
no.	IC50	MIC	MBC	IC50	MIC	MBC	IC50	MIC	MBC
45	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
46	9.04	>20	>20	8.68	>20	>20	NA	NA	NA
47	2.77	5.00	5.00	2.77	5.00	10.00	6.30	10.00	10.00
48	2.77	5.00	20.00	2.36	5.00	10.00	3.72	5.00	5.00
49	3.40	5.00	10.00	2.85	5.00	20.00	7.43	10.00	20.00
50	3.49	5.00	10.00	2.96	5.00	5.00	5.97	10.00	20.00
51	18.90	>20	>20	10.48	20.00	>20	10.77	20.00	20.00
52	2.83	5.00	5.00	2.75	5.00	10.00	3.43	5.00	5.00
53	1.33	2.50	5.00	1.38	2.50	5.00	3.12	5.00	5.00
54	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	18.59	>20	>20
55	5.96	10.00	10.00	5.64	10.00	10.00	9.51	20.00	20.00
90	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
91	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
92	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
93	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	8.99	>20	>20
94	5.85	10.00	20.00	7.27	10.00	20.00	11.23	20.00	20.00
95	2.56	5.00	5.00	3.57	10.00	20.00	12.56	20.00	20.00
96	5.35	10.00	20.00	5.46	10.00	10.00	12.20	20.00	20.00
97	5.81	10.00	>20	8.23	20.00	20.00	14.95	>20	>20
98	1.95	5.00	10.00	1.95	5.00	10.00	8.47	10.00	20.00
99	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
100	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	9.34	>20	>20
101	8.87	>20	>20	8.95	>20	>20	18.44	20.00	>20.00
102	5.03	10.00	20.00	4.77	20.00	20.00	11.17	20.00	20.00
103	2.89	5.00	10.00	2.64	5.00	20.00	5.94	10.00	10.00
104	13.18	>20	>20	10.02	>20	>20	NA	NA	NA
105	2.79	5.00	10.00	4.42	10.00	20.00	5.94	10.00	10.00
106	10.72	20.00	>20	9.71	20.00	20.00	18.05	>20	>20
107	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
108	4.98	10.00	>20	5.43	10.00	>20	12.73	20.00	20.00
109	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
110	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
111	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
112	4.06	10.00	10.00	4.33	10.00	20.00	NA	NA	NA
113	3.52	10.00	10.00	3.16	5.00	20.00	16.67	20.00	20.00
114	2.19	5.00	5.00	2.34	5.00	5.00	5.63	10.00	20.00
115	4.56	10.00	10.00	2.68	5.00	10.00	8.74	10.00	20.00
116	4.07	10.00	10.00	3.02	5.00	10.00	NA	NA	NA
117	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
118	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	7.71	>20	>20
119	5.03	>20	>20	15.34	>20	>20	NA	NA	NA
120	11.65	20.00	>20	10.74	20.00	20.00	20.00	>20	>20
121	7.79	>20	>20	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
122	11.99	20.00	>20	8.31	20.00	>20	NA	NA	NA
123	10.45	20.00	20.00	5.49	10.00	20.00	NA	NA	NA
ciprofloxacin	0.13	0.50	1.0	0.14	0.25	0.50	0.28	0.50	1.0

IC50 = the concentration (μg/mL) that affords 50% growth inhibition. MBC, minimum bactericidal concentration (the lowest concentration in μg/mL that kills the organism). NA, no activity at the highest test concentration of 20 μg/mL.

Susceptibility of M. intracellulare was done using the modified alamarBlue procedure of Franzblau et al.[29] Most of the analogues (46–50, 52–53, 55, 94–98, 101–103, 105, 108, 112–116, 119, and 121) exhibited potent antibacterial activity against SA (IC50 = 1.33–9.04 μg/mL, MIC = 2.5–10.0 μg/mL, MBC = 5.0–20.0 μg/mL). Compounds 49, 50, 52–53, 55, 95, 98, 103, 105, and 112–116 were bactericidal at 5.0 and 10.0 μg/mL against SA (Table ). Several analogues (46–50, 52–53, 55, 94–98, 101–106, 108, 112–116, 120, and 122–123) exhibited high antibacterial activity against MRSA (IC50 = 1.38–10.48 μg/mL and MIC = 5.0–10.0 μg/mL). Compounds 47–48, 50, 52–53, 55, 98, and 114–115 were bactericidal at 5 and 10 μg/mL against MRSA (MBC). Analogues 47–53, 55, 93–98, 100, 102–103, 108, 114–115, and 118 showed activity against M. intracellulare (IC50 = 3.12–14.95 μg/mL and MIC = 5.0–20.0 μg/mL). Compounds 47–48 and 52–53 were bactericidal against M. intracellulare at 5.0 and 10.0 μg/mL (Table ). It can be seen that analogues (47–48, 52–53, 98, 103, and 114) displayed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activities by exhibiting promising inhibition of all strains at a low micromolar concentration. In these cases, both 8-quinolinamines and their amino acid analogues displayed activity. The choice of amino acid did not impact much with reference to activity as both hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acid conjugates showed antibacterial activity.

Conclusions

We have synthesized new 8-quinolinamines and examined their biological activity. Analogues 46–49 produced potent antimalarial activity in vitro against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of P. falciparum. The same compounds were 100% curative against drug-sensitive P. berghei and multidrug-resistant P. yoelli nigeriensis infection in mice. The reported quinolinamines also produced potent in vitro activity against L. donovani with IC50 as low as 0.84 μg/mL. At the same time, very promising and potent activities were observed against opportunistic pathogenic infections such as C. neoformans, SA, and MRSA (IC50s ≥ 0.58, ≥1.33 and ≥1.38 μg/mL, respectively). None of the analogues exhibit any cytotoxicity at the highest test concentration, confirming their selectivity for the pathogenic infections. As evident from the abovementioned discussion, many 8-quinolinamines besides exhibiting potent antimalarial activity also exhibit potent antileishmanial and antimicrobial activities and therefore provide impetus to develop this class of quinolines as a broad-spectrum anti-infective. The results of this study confirm the importance of the 8-qunolinamines class of compounds in the treatment of parasitic infections and microbial infections. The most promising analogues reported herein forms a panel for further optimization and preclinical studies.

Experimental Section

General Chemistry

Reagents and starting material were available from commercial suppliers and used without any purification unless otherwise stated. Various heterocycles, solvent, and other reagents were purchased from commercial sources such as Sigma-Aldrich, Alfa Aesar, Merck, TCI, Avra, and Chem-Impex. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE III 400 spectrometer. Chemical shifts of the given data for 1H NMR were reported as δ values, and coupling constants were in hertz (Hz). The following abbreviations were used for spin multiplicity: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, dd = double doublet, m = multiplet, q = quadruplet, td = triplet of doublet, dt = doublet of triplet, br s = broad singlet, and if splitting patterns could not be interpreted easily, they are reported as multiplet (m). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on Merck precoated silica gel plates (0.25 mm, 60 Å pore size) impregnated with a fluorescent indicator (254 nm). Visualization on TLC was observed under UV light (254 nm) or staining with iodine or Dragendorff’s reagent solution. Synthesized compounds were isolated by automated flash chromatography on silica gel (200–400 mesh). High-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were recorded on Bruker maXis.

General Procedure for the Synthesis of 5-Substituted-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinolines 12–22

5-Substituted-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinolines (1–11, 1.0 mmol) in CH3CN (5 mL) were dissolved, and the reaction mixture was heated to 80 °C. Silver nitrate (0.6 mmol), trimethylacetic acid (3.0 mmol), and 10% H2SO4 (10 mL) were then added to the reaction mixture. A freshly prepared solution of ammonium persulfate (3.0 mmol) in water (10 mL) was added drop wise to the preheated mixture (80 °C) during 10 min. The heating source was then removed, and reaction proceeded with the evolution of carbon dioxide. After 15 min, the reaction mixture was poured onto ice and made alkaline by adding 30% aqueous NH4OH solution. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethylacetate (4 × 50 mL), and combined extracts were washed with brine solution (2 × 10 mL) and dried over Na2SO4, and the solvent was removed under vacuum to afford oil, which upon column chromatography over silica gel (230–400 mesh) afforded products. For products 12–16, elution was done in EtOAc/hexane (1:99), while products 17–21 were eluted in EtOAc/hexane (3:97), and compound 22 was isolated in EtOAc/hexane (2:98).

General Procedure for the Synthesis of 5-Substituted-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-8-quinolinamines 23–33

A solution of 5-substituted-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinolines (12–22, 5.0 mmol) in 95% absolute alcohol (15 mL) was hydrogenated over Raney nickel (T1 grade) at 45 psi in a Parr hydrogenator for 45 min. The catalyst was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was evaporated under vacuum to afford 5-alkoxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-8-quinolinamines.

General Procedure for the Synthesis of 2-[4-(5-Substituted-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-8-quinolylamino)pentyl]-1,3-isoindolinediones 34–44

To a stirred solution of 5-substituted-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-8-quinolamine (23–33, 1.0 mmol) and 2-(4-bromopentyl)-1,3-isoindolinedione (3.0 mmol), TEA (3.0 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 120 °C for 16 h. The residue was purified on silica (230–400 mesh) using EtOAc/hexanes (60:40) to afford product as viscous oil.

General Procedure for the Synthesis of N8-(4-Amino-1-methylbutyl)-5-substituted-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-8-quinolinamines 45–55

To a solution of 2-[4-(5-substituted-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-8-quinolylamino)pentyl]-1,3-isoindolinedione (34–44, 1.0 mmol) in 95% ethyl alcohol (25 mL) was added hydrazine hydrate (25 mmol), and the mixture was heated under reflux for 8 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was diluted with water (25 mL). The reaction mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 × 20 mL), and evaporation of the solvent under reduced under pressure gave the desired product.

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Amino Acid Conjugates of N8-(4-Amino-1-methylbutyl)-5-alkoxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-8-quinolinamines 90–123

To an ice-cooled stirred solution of N8-(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)-5-alkoxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-8-quinolinamines (45–49, 1.0 mmol) and d/l-Z/Boc-amino acid (1.1 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (15 mL), DCC (1.1 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to attain room temperature, and stirring was continued for another 4 h. The reaction mixture was kept in a refrigerator overnight, and the separated 1,3-dicyclohexylurea was filtered. The filtrate was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (3–5 mL) followed by water (2–5 mL) and dried over Na2SO4. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford the crude product, which was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (230–400 mesh) using CH3OH/CHCl3 (2:98) to afford N8-(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)-5-alkoxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-8-quinolinamine-amino acid conjugates (56–89) as viscous oil.

For the Arg-conjugated derivative, first carbobenzyloxy (Cbz) on the side chain was removed. To a mixture of side chain Cbz-protected amino acid-linked derivatives (1 mmol), glacial acetic acid (1 mL) was added 10% Pd–C (200 mg) in methanol (30 mL). A slow stream of hydrogen gas was bubbled through the reaction mixture for 1 h. The catalyst was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to afford the product.

To a mixture of the Boc-amino acid-linked derivative (1 mmol) was added a solution of 4 N HCl in MeOH, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at ambient temperature. The removal of the solvent afforded the product.

Characterization Data of Synthesized Compounds

5-Butoxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinoline (12)

Yield = 22%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.43 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (t, J = 6.65 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (s, 3H), 1.79–1.88 (m, 2H), 1.53–1.60 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.26–1.28 (m, 2H), 1.01 (s, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 333.1736; found, 333.1744.

2-tert-Butyl-6-methoxy-5-pentyloxy-8-nitroquinoline (13)

Yield = 28%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.42 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (t, J = 6.40 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 1.85 (t, J = 6.78 Hz, 2H), 1.35–1.55 (m, 14H), 1.26 (br s, 5H), 0.95 (t, J = 6.90 Hz, 3H), 0.81–0.91 (m, 2H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd 347.1893; found, 347.1960.

2-tert-Butyl-5-hexyloxy-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinoline (14)

Yield = 23%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.42 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.75 (d, J = 2.76 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (t, J = 6.65 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (t, J = 6.78 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (s, 3H), 3.95 (s, 2H), 1.79–1.94 (m, 3H), 1.62 (s, 1H), 1.51 (d, J = 7.28 Hz, 3H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.32–1.41 (m, 7H), 1.26 (s, 1H), 0.88–0.96 (m, 5H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 361.2049; found, 361.2124.

2-tert-Butyl-5-heptyloxy-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinoline (15)

Yield = 24%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.43 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (t, J = 6.65 Hz, 2H), 4.13 (d, J = 7.28 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 1H), 1.41–1.46 (m, 10H), 1.33 (dd, J = 2.64, 3.89 Hz, 5H), 1.24–1.30 (m, 2H), 0.88–0.95 (m, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 375.2006; found, 375.2218.

2-tert-Butyl-5-octyloxy-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinoline (16)

Yield = 21%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.43 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (t, J = 6.65 Hz, 2H), 4.13 (d, J = 7.28 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 1H), 1.41–1.46 (m, 10H), 1.33 (dd, J = 2.64, 3.89 Hz, 5H), 1.24–1.30 (m, 2H), 0.88–0.95 (m, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 389.2362; found, 389.2300.

5-Butoxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-4-methyl-8-nitroquinoline (17)

Yield = 30%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 0.75 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (t, J = 6.78 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 2.89 (d, J = 0.75 Hz, 3H), 1.80–1.93 (m, 2H), 1.50–1.61 (m, 3H), 1.40 (s, 9H), 1.27 (s, 3H), 1.02 (t, J = 7.28 Hz, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 347.1893; found, 347.1893.

2-tert-Butyl-6-methoxy-4-methyl-5-pentyloxy-8-nitroquinoline (18)

Yield = 28%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 1.00 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (t, J = 6.90 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 2.89 (d, J = 1.00 Hz, 3H), 1.88 (d, J = 7.78 Hz, 2H), 1.57 (s, 2H), 1.44 (dd, J = 1.25, 6.78 Hz, 4H), 1.40 (s, 9H), 1.27 (s, 1H), 0.94–0.99 (m, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 361.2049; found, 361.2100.

2-tert-Butyl-5-hexyloxy-6-methoxy-4-methyl-8-nitroquinoline (19)

Yield = 27%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.17–7.23 (m, 2H), 4.01 (t, J = 6.90 Hz, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.81 (d, J = 1.00 Hz, 3H), 1.73–1.84 (m, 3H), 1.50 (s, 2H), 1.42 (br s, 3H), 1.26–1.32 (m, 13H), 1.18 (s, 3H), 0.80–0.89 (m, 4H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 375.2206; found, 375.2200.

2-tert-Butyl-5-heptyloxy-6-methoxy-4-methyl-8-nitroquinoline (20)

Yield = 32%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.19–7.33 (m, 1H), 4.08 (t, J = 6.90 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 2.88 (d, J = 0.75 Hz, 3H), 1.79–1.90 (m, 2H), 1.57 (s, 1H), 1.48 (br s, 2H), 1.35–1.39 (m, 9H), 1.27–1.35 (m, 4H), 0.83–0.93 (m, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 389.2362; found, 389.2333.

2-tert-Butyl-6-methoxy-4-methyl-5-octyloxy-8-nitroquinoline (21)

Yield = 24%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.24–7.49 (m, 1H), 4.09 (t, J = 6.90 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 2.89 (d, J = 1.00 Hz, 3H), 1.87 (d, J = 7.78 Hz, 2H), 1.58 (s, 3H), 1.26–1.42 (m, 18H), 0.79–1.05 (m, 4H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 403.2519; found, 403.2533.

2-tert-Butyl-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinoline (22)

Yield = 34%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.16 (d, J = 8.03 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (br s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.03 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (br s, 1H), 6.71 (br s, 1H), 3.93 (br s, 3H), 1.43 (br s, 9H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 421.0644; found, 421.0590.

5-Butoxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxyquinolin-8-amine (23)

Yield = 97%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.25 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (s, 1H), 3.97 (t, J = 6.65 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 1.78–1.86 (m, 2H), 1.42–1.45 (m, 9H), 0.94 (t, J = 7.15 Hz, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 303.1994; found, 303.1094.

2-tert-Butyl-6-methoxy-5-(pentyloxy)quinolin-8-amine (24)

Yield = 95%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.27 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 3.99 (t, J = 6.78 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 1.83 (d, J = 8.03 Hz, 2H), 1.48–1.59 (m, 6H), 1.35–1.48 (m, 12H), 0.96 (t, J = 7.28 Hz, 4H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 317.2151; found, 317.2144.

2-tert-Butyl-5-(hexyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-amine (25)

Yield = 90%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.27 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 5.31 (s, 1H), 3.90–4.04 (m, 6H), 3.82 (s, 1H), 1.75–1.88 (m, 2H), 1.53 (br s, 2H), 1.45 (s, 8H), 1.31–1.42 (m, 5H), 1.27 (s, 1H), 0.86–0.97 (m, 4H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 331.2037; found, 331.2050.

2-tert-Butyl-5-(heptyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-amine (26)

Yield = 94%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.27 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J = 8.28 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (br s, 1H), 6.72 (br s, 1H), 4.88 (br s, 2H), 4.00 (d, J = 6.53 Hz, 3H), 3.94 (br s, 3H), 1.83 (br s, 3H), 1.53 (br s, 5H), 1.46 (br s, 10H), 1.34 (br s, 7H), 1.22 (br s, 1H), 0.92 (br s, 4H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 345.2464; found, 345.2400.

2-tert-Butyl-6-methoxy-5-(octyloxy)quinolin-8-amine (27)

Yield = 69%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.27 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (br s, 1H), 3.99 (t, J = 6.65 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 1.79–1.87 (m, 2H), 1.49–1.56 (m, 2H), 1.43–1.48 (m, 9H), 1.26–1.37 (m, 12H), 0.88–0.93 (m, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 359.2620; found, 359.2600.

5-Butoxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-4-methylquinolin-8-amine (28)

Yield = 88%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.18 (br s, 1H), 6.73 (br s, 1H), 4.93 (br s, 1H), 3.79–4.00 (m, 5H), 2.80–2.89 (m, 3H), 1.81 (d, J = 6.02 Hz, 2H), 1.41 (d, J = 5.27 Hz, 9H), 1.34 (br s, 1H), 1.26 (br s, 2H), 0.99 (d, J = 6.78 Hz, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 317.2151; found, 317.2100.

2-tert-Butyl-6-methoxy-4-methyl-5-(pentyloxy)quinolin-8-amine (29)

Yield = 77%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.26 (s, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 3.82–3.95 (m, 6H), 2.85 (d, J = 1.00 Hz, 4H), 1.77–1.90 (m, 3H), 1.32–1.51 (m, 18H), 1.25 (s, 4H), 0.84–0.99 (m, 5H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 331.2307; found, 331.2410.

2-tert-Butyl-5-(hexyloxy)-6-methoxy-4-methylquinolin-8-amine (30)

Yield = 83%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.11 (br s, 1H), 6.65 (br s, 1H), 3.65–3.95 (m, 6H), 2.78 (br s, 3H), 2.00–2.20 (m, 2H), 1.62–1.82 (m, 4H), 1.22–1.32 (m, 7H), 1.18 (br s, 4H), 1.12 (br s, 2H), 0.65–0.88 (m, 6H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 345.2464; found, 344.2519.

2-tert-Butyl-5-(heptyloxy)-6-methoxy-4-methylquinolin-8-amine (31)

Yield = 86%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.18 (d, J = 0.75 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 3.80–3.97 (m, 5H), 2.78–2.90 (m, 3H), 1.74–1.91 (m, 2H), 1.21–1.51 (m, 19H), 0.83–0.94 (m, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 359.2620; found, 359.2410.

2-tert-Butyl-6-methoxy-4-methyl-5-(octyloxy)quinolin-8-amine (32)

Yield = 77%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.18 (s, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 4.93 (br s, 2H), 3.87 (t, J = 6.90 Hz, 3H), 2.85 (s, 4H), 1.71–1.90 (m, 3H), 1.25 (s, 4H), 1.29 (s, 6H), 1.20 (br s, 1H), 0.81–0.96 (m, 6H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 373.2777; found, 373.2589.

2-tert-Butyl-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-amine (33)

Yield = 88%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.94 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J = 3.01 Hz, 1H), 6.73–6.80 (m, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 1.32–1.52 (m, 11H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 391.0902; found, 391.0944.

2-(4-(5-Butoxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (34)

Yield = 88%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.21 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 6.40 (s, 1H), 4.93 (d, J = 1.00 Hz, 2H), 3.89–3.99 (m, 5H), 3.69–3.72 (m, 5H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.21 (s, 5H), 1.00 (t, J = 7.40 Hz, 4H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 518.2941; found, 518.2801.

2-(4-(2-tert-Butyl-6-methoxy-5-(pentyloxy)quinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (35)

Yield = 78%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.21 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.79–7.86 (m, 3H), 7.67–7.73 (m, 3H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (s, 1H), 4.17 (s, 1H), 3.89–3.99 (m, 5H), 3.72–3.77 (m, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 1.71 (d, J = 6.53 Hz, 3H), 1.61 (s, 2H), 1.41–1.43 (m, 9H), 1.31 (d, J = 6.27 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (t, J = 7.28 Hz, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 532.3097; found, 532.3000.

2-(4-(2-tert-Butyl-5-(hexyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (36)

Yield = 88%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.21 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.78–7.90 (m, 3H), 7.67–7.75 (m, 3H), 7.45 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (s, 1H), 3.90–3.98 (m, 5H), 3.60–3.78 (m, 5H), 2.18 (s, 6H), 2.06 (s, 1H), 1.77–1.88 (m, 5H), 1.72 (d, J = 6.78 Hz, 2H), 1.59 (s, 5H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.32–1.38 (m, 5H), 1.23–1.32 (m, 3H), 1.19 (s, 1H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 546.3254; found, 546.3280.

2-(4-(2-tert-Butyl-5-(heptyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (37)

Yield = 79%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.23 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.80–7.91 (m, 2H), 7.66–7.75 (m, 2H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 3.94–4.01 (m, 5H), 3.77 (t, J = 7.03 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (d, J = 6.02 Hz, 1H), 1.78–1.89 (m, 4H), 1.63 (br s, 1H), 1.50–1.57 (m, 3H), 1.43–1.48 (m, 10H), 1.29–1.38 (m, 9H), 0.93 (t, J = 6.27 Hz, 4H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 560.3410; found, 560.3389.

2-(4-(2-tert-Butyl-6-methoxy-5-(octyloxy)quinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (38)

Yield = 72%; 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 7.94 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.82 (m, 4H), 7.44 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.04 (br s, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.87 (t, 2H), 3.70 (m, 3H), 1.76 (m, 6H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.32 (t, 3H, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.02 (t, 3H, J = 6.9 Hz); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 574.3567; found, 574.3476.

5-Butoxy-2-tert-butyl-N-(5-(isoindolin-2-yl)pentan-2-yl)-6-methoxy-4-methylqui-nolin-8-amine (39)

Yield = 82%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.78–7.86 (m, 2H), 7.65–7.77 (m, 2H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 6.18 (d, J = 7.53 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.85 (t, J = 6.78 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (t, J = 6.90 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (d, J = 6.27 Hz, 1H), 2.82 (s, 3H), 1.72–1.96 (m, 5H), 1.63–1.70 (m, 1H), 1.59 (s, 2H), 1.46–1.54 (m, 2H), 1.31–1.43 (m, 10H), 1.24–1.31 (m, 4H), 0.99 (t, J = 7.28 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (br s, 1H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 532.3097; found, 532.2981.

5-Pentyloxy-2-tert-butyl-N-(5-(isoindolin-2-yl)pentan-2-yl)-6-methoxy-4-methylquinolin-8-amine (40)

Yield = 75%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.80–7.90 (m, 1H), 7.65–7.79 (m, 1H), 7.10–7.18 (m, 1H), 4.94 (d, J = 6.53 Hz, 1H), 4.02–4.25 (m, 2H), 3.81–4.01 (m, 4H), 3.66–3.79 (m, 2H), 3.39–3.54 (m, 2H), 2.85 (d, J = 0.75 Hz, 2H), 2.30 (d, J = 7.53 Hz, 1H), 1.76–2.06 (m, 9H), 1.65–1.76 (m, 5H), 1.21–1.51 (m, 13H), 0.84–1.10 (m, 5H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 546.3254; found, 546.3321.

5-Hexyloxy-2-tert-butyl-N-(5-(isoindolin-2-yl)pentan-2-yl)-6-methoxy-4-methylquinolin-8-amine (41)

Yield = 77%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.85–8.00 (m, 1H), 6.73 (m, 1H), 7.60–7.75 (m, 1H), 7.14–7.17 (m, 1H), 4.74 (d, J = 6.33 Hz, 1H), 4.12–4.23 (m, 2H), 3.79–4.11 (m, 4H), 3.68–3.80 (m, 2H), 3.40–3.55 (m, 3H), 2.88 (d, J = 0.77 Hz, 2H), 2.32 (d, J = 7.54 Hz, 1H), 1.77–2.04 (m, 9H), 1.63–1.73 (m, 5H), 1.20–1.53 (m, 13H), 0.82–1.00 (m, 5H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 560.3254; found, 560.3175.

5-Heptyloxy-2-tert-butyl-N-(5-(isoindolin-2-yl)pentan-2-yl)-6-methoxy-4-methylquinolin-8-amine (42)

Yield = 79%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.79 (br s, 3H), 7.68 (br s, 2H), 7.25 (d, J = 3.01 Hz, 2H), 7.14 (br s, 1H), 6.40 (br s, 1H), 6.17 (br s, 1H), 3.88–4.18 (m, 4H), 3.84 (br s, 2H), 3.73 (br s, 2H), 3.63 (br s, 1H), 2.82 (br s, 4H), 1.81 (br s, 6H), 1.67 (br s, 3H), 1.46–1.60 (m, 8H), 1.34–1.46 (m, 15H), 1.29–1.31 (m, 10H), 0.89–0.92 (m, 5H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 574.3567; found, 574.3200.

5-Octyloxy-2-tert-butyl-N-(5-(isoindolin-2-yl)pentan-2-yl)-6-methoxy-4-methylquinolin-8-amine (43)

Yield = 82%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.85 (dd, J = 2.51, 5.02 Hz, 3H), 7.69–7.75 (m, 3H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 4.94 (br s, 2H), 4.11–4.22 (m, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.87 (t, J = 6.90 Hz, 2H), 3.68–3.76 (m, 3H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 1.90–2.00 (m, 1H), 1.78–1.87 (m, 6H), 1.70 (d, J = 6.78 Hz, 4H), 1.59 (br s, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 1.27–1.36 (m, 8H), 0.86–0.92 (m, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 588.3723; found, 588.3856.

2-(4-(2-tert-Butyl-5-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)tetrahydro-1H-isoindole-4,7(2H,7H)-dione (44)

Yield = 71%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.86 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (br s, 2H), 7.71 (d, J = 2.51 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (br s, 1H), 6.94 (br s, 1H), 6.74 (d, J = 9.29 Hz, 1H), 6.40 (s, 1H), 6.20 (d, J = 7.03 Hz, 1H), 3.83–3.92 (m, 3H), 3.67–3.82 (m, 3H), 1.82–1.99 (m, 3H), 1.80 (br s, 1H), 1.74 (d, J = 6.27 Hz, 1H), 1.41 (s, 10H), 1.35 (d, J = 6.27 Hz, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 606.1848; found, 606.1892.

N4-(5-Butoxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine (45)

Yield = 92%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.23 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (s, 1H), 4.86–4.91 (m, 4H), 3.90–3.99 (m, 6H), 2.66–2.75 (m, 11H), 1.38–1.43 (m, 11H), 0.99 (t, J = 7.40 Hz, 4H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 388.2886; found, 388.2889.

N4-(2-tert-Butyl-6-methoxy-5-(pentyloxy)quinolin-8-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine (46)

Yield = 88%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.53 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (t, J = 6.53 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (s, 5H), 3.50 (d, J = 7.03 Hz, 1H), 3.36 (s, 1H), 2.98 (t, J = 7.40 Hz, 2H), 1.85 (d, J = 8.03 Hz, 3H), 1.89 (d, J = 6.78 Hz, 3H), 1.38–1.59 (m, 19H), 1.18 (t, J = 6.90 Hz, 1H), 0.97 (t, J = 7.28 Hz, 4H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 402.3042; found, 402.3000.

N4-(2-tert-Butyl-5-(hexyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine (47)

Yield = 94%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.24 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 6.04 (br s, 1H), 3.97 (s, 6H), 3.62 (br s, 1H), 2.76 (br s, 2H), 1.70–1.88 (m, 2H), 1.57–1.70 (m, 2H), 1.52 (br s, 1H), 1.39–1.48 (m, 11H), 1.30–1.37 (m, 12H), 0.88–0.91 (m, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 416.3199; found, 416.3178.

N4-(2-tert-Butyl-5-(heptyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine (48)

Yield = 86%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.49 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (t, J = 6.53 Hz, 2H), 4.02–4.07 (m, 3H), 3.36 (s, 1H), 2.97 (t, J = 7.40 Hz, 2H), 1.79–1.94 (m, 4H), 1.47–1.59 (m, 12H), 1.28–1.47 (m, 11H), 0.86–0.98 (m, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 430.3355; found, 430.3480.

N4-(2-tert-Butyl-6-methoxy-5-(octyloxy)quinolin-8-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine (49)

Yield = 89%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.23 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (s, 1H), 3.95 (br s, 5H), 3.62 (br s, 1H), 2.70–2.79 (m, 2H), 1.71–1.87 (m, 4H), 1.63 (br s, 4H), 1.51 (br s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.32 (d, J = 6.27 Hz, 9H), 1.26 (br s, 3H), 0.80–0.95 (m, 5H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 444.3512; found, 444.3553.

N4-(5-Butoxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-4-methylquinolin-8-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine (50)

Yield = 88%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.18–7.28 (m, 1H), 7.02–7.18 (m, 1H), 6.34–6.47 (m, 1H), 3.74–4.00 (m, 5H), 3.60 (br s, 1H), 2.77–2.90 (m, 3H), 2.74 (br s, 2H), 1.92–2.05 (m, 1H), 1.82 (d, J = 13.80 Hz, 4H), 1.62 (br s, 6H), 1.51 (d, J = 7.78 Hz, 3H), 1.32–1.40 (m, 7H), 1.26 (br s, 5H), 0.91–1.05 (m, 3H), 0.87 (d, J = 7.78 Hz, 1H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 402.3042; found, 402.3122.

N4-(5-Pentyloxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-4-methylquinolin-8-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine (51)

Yield = 94%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, J = 0.75 Hz, 3H), 6.64 (s, 2H), 5.30 (s, 1H), 3.72–4.02 (m, 14H), 2.67–2.95 (m, 8H), 1.75–2.04 (m, 14H), 1.34–1.58 (m, 36H), 1.12–1.33 (m, 16H), 0.80–1.01 (m, 16H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 416.3199; found, 416.3213.

N4-(5-Hexyloxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-4-methylquinolin-8-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine (52)

Yield = 84%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.23 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (s, 1H), 3.89–4.00 (m, 5H), 2.75 (br s, 2H), 1.72–1.87 (m, 3H), 1.64 (d, J = 5.02 Hz, 3H), 1.40–1.55 (m, 14H), 1.26–1.40 (m, 8H), 1.11–1.26 (m, 2H), 0.85–0.96 (m, 3H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 430.3355; found, 430.3289.

N4-(5-Heptyloxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-4-methylquinolin-8-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine (53)

Yield = 91%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.17 (s, 1H), 6.42 (s, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.85 (t, J = 6.65 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (d, J = 5.02 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (s, 3H), 2.74 (br s, 2H), 2.02 (s, 1H), 1.72–1.92 (m, 4H), 1.70 (d, J = 7.03 Hz, 1H), 1.52–1.66 (m, 6H), 1.36–1.52 (m, 14H), 1.15–1.36 (m, 12H), 0.73–1.00 (m, 5H); HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 444.3512; found, 444.3488.

N4-(5-Octyloxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-4-methylquinolin-8-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine (54)

Yield = 92%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.25 (br s, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 3.88–3.92 (m, 3H), 3.85–3.88 (m, 1H), 2.82–2.86 (m, 3H), 1.78–1.87 (m, 2H), 1.43–1.50 (m, 3H), 1.38–1.43 (m, 10H), 1.24–1.37 (m, 10H), 0.85–0.92 (m, 3H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 458.6746; found, 458.3733.

N4-(2-tert-Butyl-5-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine (55)

Yield = 86%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.89 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 8.53 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (br s, 1H), 6.76 (d, J = 7.78 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 6.26 (br s, 1H), 3.89 (br s, 3H), 3.66 (br s, 1H), 2.78 (br s, 2H), 1.83 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 3H), 1.62–1.72 (m, 3H), 1.42 (br s, 9H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 476.1860; found, 476.1864.

2,6-Diamino-N-(4-(5-butoxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-hexanamide (90)

Yield = 87%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.23 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 4.03 (s, 3H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 3.97–3.98 (m, 4H), 3.90 (br s, 5H), 2.99 (br s, 11H), 1.44 (s, 10H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 516.3835; found, 516.3867.

2,5-Diamino-N-(4-(5-butoxy-2-tert-butyl-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-pentanamide (91)

Yield = 83%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.05 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (t, J = 6.53 Hz, 3H), 4.07 (s, 4H), 3.97 (s, 1H), 3.84 (td, J = 6.53, 13.05 Hz, 7H), 3.36 (s, 1H), 3.02 (br s, 3H), 1.73–1.85 (m, 7H), 1.50 (s, 8H), 1.37–1.43 (m, 7H), 0.97 (t, J = 7.28 Hz, 4H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 502.3679; found, 502.3689.

2,6-Diamino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-5-(pentyloxy)quinolin-8-ylamino)-pentyl)hexanamide (92)

Yield = 82%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.50 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.79–7.83 (m, 1H), 4.23 (q, J = 6.36 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 3.91 (s, 1H), 3.49 (d, J = 7.03 Hz, 1H), 2.86–3.00 (m, 3H), 1.79–1.91 (m, 4H), 1.60–1.79 (m, 4H), 1.47–1.56 (m, 11H), 1.35–1.42 (m, 6H), 1.30 (d, J = 6.53 Hz, 3H), 1.18 (t, J = 7.03 Hz, 1H), 0.96 (t, J = 7.28 Hz, 3H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 530.3992; found, 530.3876.

2,5-Diamino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-5-(pentyloxy)quinolin-8-ylamino)-pentyl)pentanamide (93)

Yield = 86%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.53 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (t, J = 6.53 Hz, 3H), 4.07 (s, 4H), 3.97 (s, 1H), 3.81 (td, J = 6.53, 13.05 Hz, 7H), 3.36 (s, 1H), 3.02 (br s, 3H), 1.76–1.91 (m, 9H), 1.50 (s, 8H), 1.37–1.43 (m, 7H), 0.97 (t, J = 7.28 Hz, 4H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 516.3835; found, 516.3809.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-5-(pentyloxy)quinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-5-guanidinopentanamide (94)

Yield = 78%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.42 (br s, 1H), 8.38 (br s, 1H), 8.17–8.30 (m, 1H), 7.42–7.47 (m, 1H), 6.57 (br s, 1H), 6.36–6.45 (m, 1H), 6.26 (br s, 1H), 5.20–5.27 (m, 3H), 5.07–5.13 (m, 4H), 4.25–4.36 (m, 1H), 3.94–3.97 (m, 5H), 3.38–3.60 (m, 4H), 2.26 (s, 1H), 2.05 (s, 5H), 1.80–1.85 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 5H), 1.34–1.38 (m, 5H), 1.20–1.24 (m, 5H), 1.16 (d, J = 1.76 Hz, 1H), 0.92 (s, 3H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 557.4053; found, 557.4456.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-5-(pentyloxy)quinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-4-methylpentanamide (95)

Yield = 85%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.52 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.71–7.92 (m, 2H), 4.23 (t, J = 6.53 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (s, 1H), 3.94–4.08 (m, 3H), 3.84 (br s, 1H), 1.79–1.90 (m, 3H), 1.60–1.72 (m, 4H), 1.53–1.58 (m, 2H), 1.47–1.53 (m, 8H), 1.44–1.47 (m, 2H), 1.35–1.43 (m, 6H), 1.25–1.34 (m, 4H), 0.87–1.03 (m, 10H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 515.3883; found, 515.3560.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-5-(pentyloxy)quinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-3-methylpentanamide (96)

Yield = 88%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.53 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 6.53 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.23–4.25 (m, 3H), 4.15 (br s, 1H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 3.95 (d, J = 3.51 Hz, 3H), 3.70 (d, J = 5.52 Hz, 1H), 2.16 (s, 1H), 2.00 (br s, 1H), 1.85–1.90 (m, 4H), 1.54–1.63 (m, 4H), 1.36–1.41 (m, 21H), 0.95–0.96 (m, 5H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 515.3883; found, 515.3949.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-5-(pentyloxy)quinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-3-phenylpropanamide (97)

Yield = 84%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.71 (br s, 1H), 8.55 (d, J = 17.57 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (br s, 3H), 7.72 (br s, 2H), 7.14–7.23 (m, 5H), 4.49 (br s, 1H), 4.14–4.23 (m, 2H), 3.98–4.06 (m, 4H), 3.32 (d, J = 7.78 Hz, 2H), 3.20–3.27 (m, 1H), 3.06 (br s, 1H), 2.22 (br s, 1H), 2.02 (br s, 1H), 1.81 (br s, 3H), 1.58 (d, J = 9.29 Hz, 11H), 1.26–1.45 (m, 9H), 0.78–1.03 (m, 5H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 549.3828; found, 549.3828.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-5-(pentyloxy)quinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-3-(1H-indol-2-yl)propanamide (98)

Yield = 86%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 10.0 (br s, 1H), 8.60 (br s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 15.81 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (br s, 2H), 7.47–7.75 (m, 1H), 7.32 (br s, 2H), 6.88 (d, J = 18.82 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (br s, 1H), 3.88 (br s, 2H), 3.37 (m, 5H), 3.03 (dd, J = 7.91, 14.68 Hz, 8H), 1.76 (br s, 1H), 1.63 (br s, 1H), 1.52 (br s, 5H), 1.32–1.48 (m, 4H), 1.26 (br s, 1H), 1.06–1.23 (m, 10H), 0.93 (br s, 2H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 588.3835; found, 588.3921.

2,6-Diamino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(hexyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)-pentyl)hexanamide (99)

Yield = 83%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.53 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J = 3.76 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (t, J = 6.53 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 3.93 (s, 1H), 2.97 (d, J = 5.77 Hz, 2H), 1.80–1.96 (m, 6H), 1.68–1.80 (m, 3H), 1.47–1.52 (m, 10H), 1.38–1.41 (m, 5H), 0.88–0.99 (m, 3H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 544.4148; found, 544.4179.

2,5-Diamino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(hexyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)-pentyl)pentanamide (100)

Yield = 85%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.52 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.17–4.24 (m, 2H), 4.06 (s, 4H), 3.76–3.82 (m, 6H), 1.49 (s, 11H), 1.37–1.40 (m, 9H), 1.42–1.47 (m, 8H), 1.29 (s, 3H), 0.90–0.95 (m, 4H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 530.3992; found, 530.3865.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(hexyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-5-guanidinopentanamide (101)

Yield = 88%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.06–8.31 (m, 1H), 7.38–7.52 (m, 2H), 6.57 (br s, 2H), 6.24 (br s, 1H), 5.20–5.24 (m, 4H), 5.05–5.14 (m, 6H), 4.29 (d, J = 7.03 Hz, 2H), 3.92–3.96 (m, 6H), 3.41–3.58 (m, 7H), 2.32 (s, 2H), 1.42–1.46 (m, 8H), 1.49 (s, 6H), 0.90–0.95 (m, 4H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 572.4210; found, 572.4479.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(hexyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-4-(methylthio)butanamide (102)

Yield = 87%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.42 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J = 5.52 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 4.12–4.16 (m, 2H), 4.03 (dd, J = 5.02, 6.78 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.90 (s, 1H), 2.47 (q, J = 7.11 Hz, 3H), 2.00–2.02 (m, 4H), 1.96–1.99 (m, 3H), 1.72–1.78 (m, 2H), 1.39 (s, 9H), 1.26–1.32 (m, 12H), 1.15–1.19 (m, 3H), 0.98–1.09 (m, 2H), 0.77–0.86 (m, 3H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 547.3604; found, 547.3668.

N-(4-(2-tert-Butyl-5-(hexyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-lamino)pentyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (103)

Yield = 83%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.53 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 4H), 7.88 (s, 3H), 7.81 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 3H), 4.35–4.49 (m, 7H), 4.20–4.31 (m, 10H), 4.07 (s, 11H), 3.86 (s, 10H), 2.37–2.49 (m, 10H), 2.02–2.13 (m, 22H), 1.82–1.90 (m, 12H), 1.48–1.52 (m, 30H), 1.35–1.44 (m, 26H), 1.28–1.33 (m, 6H), 1.13–1.22 (m, 3H), 0.86–0.99 (m, 11H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 513.3726; found, 513.3804.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(hexyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-3-methylpentanamide (104)

Yield = 88%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.53 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 6.53 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.21–4.28 (m, 4H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 3.95 (d, J = 3.26 Hz, 3H), 3.65–3.75 (m, 1H), 1.83–1.91 (m, 6H), 1.37–1.39 (m, 16H), 0.97–1.01 (m, 10H), 0.93–0.95 (m, 7H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 529.4039; found, 529.4116.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(hexyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-3-(1H-imidazole-5-yl)propanamide (105)

Yield = 81%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.51 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (br s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 1.76 Hz, 1H), 4.21–4.24 (m, 1H), 4.14 (d, J = 6.27 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (s, 2H), 3.13–3.28 (m, 2H), 1.81–1.89 (m, 2H), 1.48–1.67 (m, 8H), 1.37–1.42 (m, 4H), 1.25–1.30 (m, 4H), 0.94 (t, J = 6.78 Hz, 2H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 553.3788; found, 553.3832.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(hexyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-3-phenylpropanamide (106)

Yield = 85%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.52 (dd, J = 2.01, 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J = 5.02 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.25–7.37 (m, 6H), 4.18–4.26 (m, 2H), 4.07 (d, J = 2.51 Hz, 3H), 3.25 (d, J = 6.78 Hz, 1H), 3.09–3.18 (m, 2H), 2.95–3.08 (m, 1H), 1.78–1.92 (m, 3H), 1.53–1.71 (m, 6H), 1.52 (s, 5H), 1.36–1.45 (m, 7H), 1.13 (td, J = 4.30, 6.96 Hz, 2H), 0.95 (t, J = 6.90 Hz, 3H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 563.3883; found, 563.3867.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(hexyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-propanamide (107)

Yield = 86%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.53 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.67–7.92 (m, 3H), 4.18–4.34 (m, 3H), 4.07 (s, 5H), 4.02 (d, J = 6.78 Hz, 1H), 3.84–3.97 (m, 1H), 3.29 (d, J = 8.03 Hz, 2H), 1.77–1.95 (m, 4H), 1.25–1.49 (m, 22H), 0.89–0.99 (m, 4H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 487.3570; found, 487.3659.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(hexyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-3-(1H-indol-2-yl)propanamide (108)

Yield = 81%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.53 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J = 8.03 Hz, 1H), 7.74–7.86 (m, 2H), 7.43–7.52 (m, 1H), 7.28–7.38 (m, 1H), 7.14–7.22 (m, 1H), 7.07 (d, J = 7.53 Hz, 1H), 4.45–4.56 (m, 1H), 4.23 (t, J = 6.53 Hz, 2H), 4.12–4.19 (m, 1H), 4.03–4.07 (m, 4H), 3.09 (dd, J = 12.05, 15.56 Hz, 1H), 2.08 (br s, 1H), 1.98 (s, 1H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 602.3992; found, 602.3788.

2,6-Diamino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(heptyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)-pentyl)hexanamide (109)

Yield = 89%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.34 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.83–7.86 (m, 1H), 4.29 (q, J = 6.36 Hz, 2H), 4.02 (s, 3H), 3.83 (s, 1H), 3.42 (d, J = 7.03 Hz, 1H), 2.87–3.05 (m, 3H), 1.71–1.95 (m, 4H), 1.64–1.82 (m, 4H), 1.38–1.49 (m, 11H), 1.32–1.47 (m, 10H), 1.32 (d, J = 6.53 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (t, J = 7.03 Hz, 1H), 0.96 (t, J = 7.28 Hz, 3H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 558.4305; found, 558.4201.

2,5-Diamino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(heptyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)-pentyl)pentanamide (110)

Yield = 84%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.52 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.17–4.35 (m, 4H), 4.03–4.13 (m, 5H), 2.95–3.04 (m, 5H), 1.73–1.99 (m, 12H), 1.61–1.73 (m, 3H), 1.40 (d, J = 2.51 Hz, 5H), 1.27 (d, J = 2.01 Hz, 2H), 0.97 (d, J = 6.53 Hz, 1H), 0.90–0.93 (m, 3H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 544.4148; found, 544.4456.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(heptyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-5-guanidinopentanamide (111)

Yield = 86%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.42 (br s, 1H), 9.29 (br s, 1H), 8.17–8.30 (m, 1H), 7.39–7.47 (m, 1H), 6.57 (br s, 1H), 6.33–6.42 (m, 1H), 6.24 (br s, 1H), 5.18–5.26 (m, 3H), 5.07–5.13 (m, 4H), 4.25–4.36 (m, 1H), 3.94–3.97 (m, 5H), 3.38–3.60 (m, 4H), 2.26 (s, 1H), 2.05 (s, 5H), 1.80–1.85 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 5H), 1.34–1.38 (m, 7H), 1.20–1.24 (m, 7H), 1.16 (d, J = 1.76 Hz, 1H), 0.92 (s, 3H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 586.4366; found, 586.4258.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(heptyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-3-phenylpropanamide (112)

Yield = 85%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.45–8.55 (m, 2H), 7.85–7.90 (m, 1H), 7.70–7.72 (m, 1H), 7.10–7.43 (m, 5H), 4.18–4.22 (m, 2H), 4.05–4.09 (m, 4H), 3.35 (s, 5H), 2.97–3.17 (m, 4H), 1.74–1.88 (m, 3H), 1.47–1.57 (m, 12H), 1.36–1.42 (m, 5H), 1.33 (dd, J = 3.64, 6.40 Hz, 5H), 1.31 (s, 2H), 1.22–1.30 (m, 3H), 1.10 (dd, J = 4.39, 6.90 Hz, 2H), 0.86–0.95 (m, 4H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 577.4039; found, 577.4116.

N-(4-(2-tert-Butyl-5-(heptyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-lamino)pentyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (113)

Yield = 87%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.52 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.73–7.91 (m, 2H), 4.16–4.28 (m, 3H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 1.96–2.07 (m, 3H), 1.72–1.94 (m, 5H), 1.52–1.61 (m, 3H), 1.47–1.52 (m, 9H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.78 Hz, 5H), 1.31–1.39 (m, 7H), 1.27–1.31 (m, 5H), 1.18–1.26 (m, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 6.53 Hz, 1H), 0.89–0.93 (m, 3H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 527.3883; found, 527.3961.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(heptyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-3-methylpentanamide (114)

Yield = 80%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.52 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J = 6.27 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.20–4.30 (m, 3H), 4.01–4.08 (m, 3H), 3.93 (d, J = 3.26 Hz, 1H), 3.63–3.70 (m, 1H), 3.37–3.45 (m, 1H), 3.13–3.26 (m, 1H), 1.79–1.90 (m, 5H), 1.51–1.60 (m, 4H), 1.41 (dd, J = 3.01, 6.53 Hz, 5H), 1.37 (dd, J = 3.14, 6.90 Hz, 8H), 1.27–1.32 (m, 8H), 0.95–1.00 (m, 4H), 0.89–0.95 (m, 10H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 543.4196; found, 543.4272.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(heptyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-3-(1H-indol-2-yl)propanamide (115)

Yield = 78%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.48 (s, 1H), 7.68–7.87 (m, 2H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 7.78 Hz, 2H), 4.24 (s, 1H), 4.13–4.19 (m, 2H), 4.03 (d, J = 2.26 Hz, 4H), 1.73–1.84 (m, 3H), 1.49 (d, J = 5.02 Hz, 10H), 1.32–1.39 (m, 10H), 1.29 (s, 9H), 1.20 (d, J = 6.53 Hz, 1H), 0.98 (d, J = 6.78 Hz, 2H), 0.92 (d, J = 5.52 Hz, 4H), 0.92 (d, J = 18.32 Hz, 2H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 616.4148; found, 616.4192.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-5-(heptyloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-4-(methylthio)butanamide (116)

Yield = 82%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.52 (d, J = 8.78 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 3.26 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (s, 3H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 1H), 2.57 (d, J = 7.53 Hz, 3H), 2.09–2.12 (m, 5H), 2.08 (s, 2H), 1.38–1.42 (m, 6H), 1.37 (d, J = 3.26 Hz, 3H), 1.32–1.36 (m, 5H), 1.30 (d, J = 6.53 Hz, 6H), 1.26 (d, J = 3.76 Hz, 1H), 1.24 (s, 1H), 1.20 (d, J = 6.78 Hz, 2H), 0.89–0.93 (m, 4H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 561.3760; found, 561.3824.

2,6-Diamino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-5-(octyloxy)quinolin-8-lamino)pentyl)-hexanamide (117)

Yield = 79%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.52 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J = 4.02 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (t, J = 6.53 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 3.93 (s, 1H), 2.97 (d, J = 6.78 Hz, 3H), 1.82–1.94 (m, 5H), 1.67–1.80 (m, 5H), 1.47–1.53 (m, 11H), 1.36–1.43 (m, 9H), 1.31 (d, J = 6.53 Hz, 5H), 0.86–0.97 (m, 3H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 572.4461; found, 572.4167.

2,5-Diamino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-5-(octyloxy)quinolin-8-lamino)pentyl)-pentanamide (118)

Yield = 77%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.32 (br s, 2H), 7.88 (br s, 1H), 6.51 (br s, 4H), 3.91 (br s, 3H), 3.48 (s, 1H), 3.28 (br s, 2H), 2.24 (br s, 4H), 2.06 (br s, 3H), 1.79 (br s, 4H), 1.49 (br s, 6H), 1.40–1.46 (m, 9H), 1.28 (d, J = 5.52 Hz, 16H), 0.87 (br s, 2H), (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 558.4305; found, 558.4228.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-5-(octyloxy)quinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-3-methylpentanamide (119)

Yield = 90%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.96 (br s, 1H), 8.64 (br s, 1H), 8.59 (br s, 1H), 8.26 (br s, 1H), 7.59 (br s, 1H), 4.18 (br s, 4H), 3.99 (d, J = 7.53 Hz, 3H), 3.63 (br s, 1H), 3.21 (br s, 1H), 2.45 (br s, 1H), 2.19 (br s, 1H), 2.11 (br s, 1H), 1.97 (br s, 1H), 1.84 (br s, 4H), 1.48 (br s, 8H), 1.43 (br s, 2H), 1.11–1.39 (m, 14H), 1.02 (t, J = 5.52 Hz, 5H), 0.75–0.96 (m, 5H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 557.4352; found, 557.4411.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-5-(octyloxy)quinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-4-(methylthio)butanamide (120)

Yield = 85%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J = 5.52 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 9.03 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (t, J = 6.53 Hz, 3H), 4.14 (dd, J = 5.02, 6.53 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 4.01 (s, 1H), 2.58 (d, J = 7.03 Hz, 3H), 2.08–2.12 (m, 5H), 1.76–1.96 (m, 5H), 1.50 (s, 10H), 1.39 (dd, J = 4.77, 7.78 Hz, 11H), 1.26–1.29 (m, 3H), 1.05–1.22 (m, 2H), 0.92–0.95 (m, 3H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 575.3917; found, 575.3981.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-5-(octyloxy)quinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-3-phenylpropanamide (121)

Yield = 82%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.49 (br s, 3H), 7.24–7.28 (m, 7H), 4.09–4.23 (m, 4H), 3.97 (d, J = 7.78 Hz, 3H), 3.45 (s, 1H), 3.34 (br s, 1H), 1.81 (br s, 4H), 1.41–1.57 (m, 11H), 1.23–1.37 (m, 20H), 0.85–0.94 (m, 4H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 591.4196; found, 591.4261.

2-Amino-N-(4-(2-tert-butyl-6-methoxy-5-(octyloxy)quinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)-3-(1H-indol-2-yl)propanamide (122)

Yield = 81%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.31 (br s, 2H), 7.61 (d, J = 7.78 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 7.78 Hz, 1H), 7.16–7.24 (m, 1H), 6.93–7.16 (m, 3H), 5.54 (br s, 1H), 4.01–4.26 (m, 3H), 3.85 (br s, 1H), 3.38 (d, J = 13.55 Hz, 2H), 3.03 (dd, J = 8.16, 14.68 Hz, 2H), 1.80 (br s, 1H), 1.36–1.60 (m, 5H), 1.06–1.36 (m, 16H), 0.89 (br s, 2H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 630.4039; found, 630.4379.

N-(4-(2-tert-Butyl-6-methoxy-5-(octyloxy)quinolin-8-ylamino)pentyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (123)

Yield = 75%; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.24 (d, J = 8.76 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.30 (s, 1H), 4.58 (m, 2H), 4.49 (m, 1H, J = 2.2 Hz), 4.20 (s, 1H), 3.86–4.04 (m, 5H), 3.50–3.60 (m, 1H), 3.43 (m, 1H), 1.78–1.91 (m, 4H), 1.69 (d, J = 7.28 Hz, 3H), 1.63 (s, 5H), 1.38–1.48 (m, 19H), 1.22–1.13 (m, 4H), 0.85–0.94 (m, 3H); (ESI-TOF) m/z: [(M + H+)] calcd for 541.4039; found, 541.4135.

Assay for in Vitro Antimalarial Activity

A suspension of red blood cells infected with D6 or W2 strains of P. falciparum (200 μL, with 2% parasitemia and 2% hematocrit in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% human serum and 60 μg/mL amikacin) is added to the wells of a 96-well plate containing 10 μL of test samples diluted in medium at various concentrations. The plate is placed in a modular incubation chamber (Billups-Rothenberg, CA) and flushed with a gas mixture of 90% N2, 5% O2, and 5% CO2 and incubated at 37 °C for 72 h. Parasitic LDH activity, as a measure of growth, is determined by using Malstat reagent (Flow Inc., Portland, OR) according to the procedure of Makler and Hinrichs.[21] Briefly, 20 μL of the incubation mixture is mixed with 100 μL of the Malstat reagent and incubated at room temperature for 30 min. A 1:1 mixture (20 μL) of NBT/PES (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) is then added, and the plate is further incubated in the dark for 1 h. The reaction is then stopped by the addition of 100 μL of a 5% acetic acid solution. The plate is read at 650 nm using the EL-340 Biokinetics Reader (BioTek Instruments, Vermont). IC50 values are computed from the dose response curves. ART and CQ are included in each assay as the drug controls. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (0.25%) is used as vehicle control.

Cytotoxicity Assay

The in vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed against four human cancer cell lines (SK-OV-3, SK-MEL, KB, and BT-549) and two noncancerous mammalian kidney cell lines (LLC-PK1 and VERO).[22,23] All cell lines were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

The assay was performed in 96-well tissue culture-treated microplates, and targeted peptides were tested up to a highest concentration of 10 μg/mL. The cells (25 000 cells/well) were seeded to the wells of the plate and incubated for 24 h for confluence. The 8-quinolinamine samples were added and plates again incubated for 48 h. The number of viable cells was calculated through a modified version of neutral red uptake assay. The marketed drug doxorubicin was used in study as a positive control, while DMSO was used as the negative control.

Assay for Blood-Schizontocidal Activity Evaluation Against P. berghei and P. yoelli nigeriensis Infection in Mice

The method used for screening of the synthesized compounds for their blood-schizontocidal activity is based on a comparison of responses by groups of treated and control mice, six in each group, after infection with P. berghei or P. yoelli nigeriensis.[10] Test animals (Swiss mice of either sex, approximately 15–20 g and same age) were housed in metal-topped cages and given a standard laboratory diet and water ad libitum. To check factors such as changes in the infectivity of the strain or in the susceptibility of the host or to detect technical errors, a group of infected animals treated with CQ diphosphate at dose levels (10 mg/kg/day × 4), producing definite increases in the survival time, is included as a positive control in every experiment. In each experiment, the test compounds were administered in graded doses of 100, 50, 25, and 10 mg/kg. The compounds showing curative activity at 10 mg/kg were further selected for screening at lower doses. On day “0”, groups of six mice each were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 × 107 infected erythrocytes from a donor mouse. Four hours later, mice were administered test compounds/CQ/vehicle orally. A total of four doses were given orally on days D “0”, D + 1, D + 2, and D + 3. The tail blood smears were made on days D + 4 and D + 7, stained with Giemsa, and examined microscopically. The minimum dose that completely suppressed parasitaemia on days D + 4 and D + 7 was termed as the minimum effective dose, and the minimum dose that cleared the parasitaemia for up to 60 days was termed as the curative dose. The terms “curative”, “active”, and “inactive” are used to describe the biological activities exhibited by the tested compounds. The term “curative” indicates complete elimination of malaria parasites from the body, so that relapse cannot occur up to day D + 60, and all mice survived. The term “active” indicates that the treated animals show negative parasitaemia up to D + 7. However, by D + 28, 50% or more mice show a negative and the remaining mice may show a positive test result for parasitaemia. The term “inactive” indicates that the treated animals show a positive test result for parasitaemia either on D + 4 or D + 7 or on both D + 4 and D + 7 and animal usually dies by D + 14.

Assay for in Vitro Antileishmanial Activity

Antileishmanial activity of the compounds was tested in vitro against a culture of L. donovani promastigotes. They were grown in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco Chem. Co.) at 26 °C. A 3 day-old culture was diluted to 5 × 105 promastigotes/mL. Drug dilutions (50–3.1 μg/mL) were prepared directly in cell suspension in 96-well plates. Plates were incubated at 26 °C for 48 h, and growth of leishmania promastigotes was determined by alamarBlue assay as described earlier.[24,25] Standard fluorescence was measured on a FLUOstar Galaxy plate reader (BMG Lab Technologies) at an excitation wavelength of 544 nm and an emission wavelength of 590 nm. Pentamidine and amphotericin B were used as the standard antileishmanial agents. IC50 and IC90 values were computed from dose curves generated by plotting percent growth versus drug concentration.

Assay for in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity

The antifungal activities of the compounds against C. albicans ATCC90028, C. glabrata ATCC90030, C. krusei ATCC6258, C. neoformans ATCC90113, and A. fumigatus ATCC 90906 were determined according to modified NCCLS methods.[26−28] The antibacterial activities of synthesized compounds were evaluated against SA (ATCC29213), MRSA (ATCC33591), and M. intracellulare (ATCC23068). SA and MRSA susceptibility to test compounds was determined using NCCLS methods,[27,28] and M. intracellulare susceptibility to the synthetic compounds was tested by using the modified alamarBlue procedure of Franzblau et al.[29]

The test compounds were serially diluted in 20% DMSO/saline and transferred in duplicate to 96-well flat-bottomed microplates, and inocula were prepared by correcting the OD630 of microbe suspensions in an incubation broth [Sabouraud Dextrose (Difco) for fungi, cation-adjusted Mueller–Hinton (Difco) at pH 7.3 for non-mycobacterial bacteria, and 5% alamarBlue (BioSource International, Camarillo, CA) in Middlebrook 7H9 broth with OADC enrichment, pH 7.3 for M. intracellulare] to afford the following: fungi 1.5 × 103, non-mycobaterial bacteria 5 × 105, and M. intracellulare 2.0 × 106 CFU/mL. The drug controls [Ciprofloxacin (ICN Biomedicals, Ohio) for bacteria and amphotericin B (ICN Biomedicals, Ohio) for fungi] were used in each assay of tested peptides. All organisms were read at either 530 nm using the BioTek PowerWave XS plate reader (BioTek Instruments, Vermont) or 544ex/590em (M. intracellulare) using the POLARstar Galaxy plate reader (BMG Lab Technologies, Germany) prior to and after incubation: SA/MRSA at 35 °C for 16–20 h, fungi at 35 °C for 70–74 h, and M. intracellulare at 37 °C and 10% CO2 for 70–74 h. The MIC value was defined as the lowest test concentration that allows no detectable growth (for M. intracellulare, no color changes from blue to pink). For all 8-quinolinamines, minimum fungicidal or bactericidal concentrations were determined by removing 5 DL from each clear (or blue) well, transferring to agar and incubating, as mentioned previously. The MFC and MBC for tested compounds were defined as the lowest test concentration that kills the organism (exhibited no growth on agar plates).