Literature DB >> 29907132

Association between multiple comorbidities and self-rated health status in middle-aged and elderly Chinese: the China Kadoorie Biobank study.

Xingyue Song1, Jing Wu1, Canqing Yu2, Wenhong Dong1, Jun Lv2, Yu Guo3, Zheng Bian3, Ling Yang4, Yiping Chen4, Zhengming Chen4, An Pan5, Liming Li6,7.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Understanding the correlates of self-rated health (SRH) can help public health professionals prioritize health-promotion and disease-prevention interventions. This study aimed to investigate the association between multiple comorbidities and global SRH and age-comparative SRH.
METHODS: A total of 512,891 participants aged 30-79 years old were recruited into the China Kadoorie Biobank study from ten regions between 2004 and 2008. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) for the associations between comorbidities (including diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, stroke, tuberculosis, emphysema/bronchitis, asthma, cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis, peptic ulcer, gallbladder disease, kidney disease, fracture, rheumatic arthritis, psychiatric disorders, depressive symptoms, neurasthenia, head injury and cancer) and SRH. Population attributable risks (PARs) were used to estimate the contribution of multiple comorbidities to poor global SRH and worse age-comparative SRH.
RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, suffering from various diseases increased the chance of reporting a poor global SRH [OR (95% CI) ranged from 1.10 (1.07, 1.13) for fracture to 3.21 (2.68, 3.83) for rheumatic heart disease] and a worse age-comparative SRH [OR (95% CI) ranged from 1.18 (1.13, 1.23) for fracture to 7.56 (6.93, 8.25) for stroke]. From the population perspective, 20.23% of poor global SRH and 45.12% of worse age-comparative SRH could attributed to the cardiometabolic diseases, with hypertension (7.84% for poor global SRH and 13.79% for worse age-comparative SRH), diabetes (4.35% for poor global SRH and 10.71% for worse age-comparative SRH), coronary heart disease (4.44% for poor global SRH and 9.51% for worse age-comparative SRH) and stroke (3.20% for poor global SRH and 10.19% for worse age-comparative SRH) making the largest contribution.
CONCLUSIONS: Various diseases were major determinants of global and age-comparative SRH, and cardiometabolic diseases had the strongest impact on both global SRH and age-comparative SRH at the population level. Prevention measures concentrated on these conditions would greatly reduce the total burden of poor SRH and its consequences such as poor quality of life and use of health care services.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Chinese population; Comorbidity; Cross-sectional study; Self-rated health status

Mesh：

Year:  2018        PMID： 29907132      PMCID： PMC6003165          DOI： 10.1186/s12889-018-5632-1

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  BMC Public Health        ISSN： 1471-2458            Impact factor:   3.295


Background

Self-rated health (SRH), a common but comprehensive measure of a person’s global (physical and mental) health status, has been widely used to describe the health status of an individual and a population in epidemiology surveys because of the easily collected data [1]. Respondents are asked to rate their own health status and there are three types of SRH that are frequently assessed in different studies. The most commonly used one is global SRH, in which respondents are requested to rate their current overall health status on a four- or five-point scale ranging from “very good (excellent)” to “very poor” [2]. In the age-comparative SRH, respondents are asked to rate their health status as better, the same, or worse compared with other people of their ages [3]. As for time-comparative SRH, respondents are asked to compare their present health to the health status a year earlier [4]. SRH is one of the indicators recommended for health monitoring by the World Health Organization [5], and has been demonstrated to be a powerful predictor of morbidity and mortality in different populations [2, 6, 7]. Understanding the determinants and correlates of SRH can help public health professionals prioritize the interventions for health promotion and disease prevention. Previous studies have found a wide range of determinants of SRH, including sociodemographic factors, lifestyle factors, physical illness and psychological factors [8-12]. It is widely acknowledged that physical and mental illnesses are major determinants of SRH; however, few studies have comprehensively examined the relations of multiple physical and mental conditions with SRH. Many studies combined various physical illnesses into one variable to explore the association between the presence and/or number of chronic diseases and SRH [9, 13–16]. A few studies examined different chronic diseases as independent variables, but the number of diseases was limited and generally less than eight [17-20]. Only one study conducted in western Sweden has examined eleven chronic diseases and their associations with SRH, but only global SRH was used and the sample size was small (n = 6061) [21]. Using data from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) with over half million participants, we aimed to investigate the relations of multiple comorbidities with global SRH and age-comparative SRH among middle-aged and elderly population in China.

Methods

Study population

The CKB study is a general population-based prospective cohort study that was designed to investigate the complex interplay of lifestyle behavior, environmental and genetic factors and risks of various chronic diseases. The detailed study design, sampling strategy and features of the study participants are previously reported [22, 23]. In brief, a total of 512,891 participants aged from 30 to79 years old were recruited from ten regions covering five rural areas (Gansu, Henan, Zhejiang, Sichuan, and Hunan provinces) and five urban cities (Harbin, Qingdao, Suzhou, Liuzhou, and Haikou) in China between 2004 and 2008. The study sites were selected based on population stability, geographic area, quality of death and disease registries, regional patterns of diseases and exposure to specific risk factors, and local commitment and capacity. In the baseline survey, trained interviewers conducted a standardized questionnaire using a laptop-based direct data-entry system for the questionnaires, with built-in functions to avoid data missing and logical errors. The questionnaires covered general demographic characteristics, socio-economic status, diet, general health, physical activity, family medical history and mental health. After the interview, a series of physical measurements including weight, height, waist and hip circumference and blood pressures were recorded for each participant by trained technicians, and a 10-mL non-fasting blood sample was taken. We excluded 2 participants with missing values of body weight or height. A total of 512,889 participants (40.99% male and 59.01% female) remained in the current analysis.

Exposure variables

Physician diagnosed disease status was enquired in baseline questionnaire. Respondents were asked: “Has a doctor ever told you that you had the following disease?” followed by a list of diseases including diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, rheumatic heart disease, tuberculosis, emphysema/bronchitis, asthma, cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis, peptic ulcer, gallstone/gallbladder disease, kidney disease, fracture, rheumatic arthritis, psychiatric disorders, neurasthenia, head injury and cancer. If someone reported that he/she was diagnosed with cancer, the site of cancer was also asked. Prevalent diabetes was defined if the participant met one of the following criteria [24]: 1) self-reported diagnosis of diabetes mellitus; 2) use of anti-diabetic medications; 3) fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L; and 4) random blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L. Prevalent hypertension was defined if the participants met one of the following criteria [25]: 1) systolic blood pressure of ≥140 mmHg; 2) diastolic blood pressure of ≥90 mmHg; 3) self-reported diagnosis of hypertension; and 4) use of antihypertensive medication. If someone reported that he/she had been diagnosed with a disease, the age at first diagnosis and basic treatment information was also asked. Past year major depression was assessed using the Chinese version of computerized Composite International Diagnostic Inventory — short form (CIDI-SF), and the details were described elsewhere [26].

Outcome variables

To assess SRH status of each participant, two questions were asked in baseline interview: 1) How is your current general health status: excellent, good, fair, or poor? 2) How is your current health status compared with someone of your own age: better, about the same, worse, or don’t know? We considered the first question as global SRH and the second one as age-comparative SRH. No data were missing for two SRH variables. We categorized the global SRH into two categories to be comparable to the literature on this topic: good (excellent, good) and poor (fair, poor). For the age-comparative SRH, participants answering “don’t know” (n = 15,691, 3.06%) were excluded from the analysis. To be consistent with global SRH, participants answering “about the same” (n = 321,218, 62.63%) were excluded in the main analysis and thus age-comparative SRH was categorized into two groups: better and worse. In order to ensure the accuracy and robustness of the results, we also conducted sensitivity analysis of including participants who reported “about the same” and thus age-comparative SRH was categorized into three groups: better, about the same, and worse.

Confounding factors

Other variables included age, sex, study location (10 regions), marital status (married, widowed, separated/divorced, never married), education level (no formal education, primary, middle or high school, college/university or higher), annual household income (< 10,000, 10,000–19,999, 20,000–34,999, ≥35,000 RMB), employment status (employed, unemployed and retired), cigarette smoking (never, former, occasionally, current smoker) and alcohol drinking (never, former, occasionally, current drinker) were also inquired in the baseline questionnaires. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight divided by the square of height (kg/m2). The physical activity level was measured by adding up metabolic equivalent tasks (METs) for daily work or leisure activities. All participants were also inquired about their family history of five diseases, including diabetes, heart attack, stroke, mental disorders and cancer.

Statistical analysis

Baseline demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral characteristics by global SRH categories and age-comparative SRH groups were presented by unadjusted proportions for categorical variables and unadjusted means with standard deviations (SD) for continuous variables, and compared using ANOVA and Chi-square tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for relations of multiple comorbidities with global and age-comparative SRH. We adjusted for potential confounders in sequential steps: model 1 adjusted for sociodemographic factors (age in continuous variable, sex, study location, marital status, education level, household income and occupation in categorical variable); model 2 further adjusted for lifestyle factors (BMI in continuous variable, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity level and family history of five diseases, in categories); model 3 additionally adjusted for all comorbidities in the same model to test the independent associations. In the sensitivity analysis of including participants answering “about the same” for the age-comparative SRH, multinomial logistic regression models were used. Population attributable risks (PARs) were used to estimate the proportion of the total prevalence of poor global SRH (or worse age-comparative SRH) that could be attributed to multiple comorbidities, and were calculated for each disease using the following formula: PAR=(p(OR-1))/(p(OR-1)+1) [27], where p denotes the proportion of participants with the condition in the study population, and OR is the corresponding odds ratio observed in our study. Stratified analyses were performed according to sex, administrative regions (urban and rural), age (30–59, ≥60 years old), education level (no formal education, primary school, middle school or higher) and household income (< 10,000, 10,000–34,999 and ≥ 35,000 RMB). Tests for interaction were conducted by adding interaction terms of the certain disease and the stratifying variable in the final model. We also analyzed the impact of the duration of disease diagnosis, treatment, the number of diseases and the site of cancer on global and age-comparative SRH. Furthermore, to test the influence of undiagnosed diseases on the associations, we used hypertension and diabetes as examples in a sensitivity analysis. In the main analysis, the definitions of hypertension and diabetes included both the self-reported physician-diagnosed diseases and screening-detected diseases from the physical examination (which could be considered as undiagnosed cases). In the sensitivity analysis, we only used self-reported physician-diagnosed hypertension and diabetes (yes vs. no) as the exposures and evaluated their associations with SRH. All analyses were performed using SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc), and two-sided P values < 0.05 were considered as statistical significance.

Results

The baseline characteristics of participants are presented in Table 1. Of the 512,889 participants, the mean age (standard deviation, SD) was 51.53 (10.68), and 59.01% (n = 302,631) were women. Most participants were married (90.59%) and more than half (55.90%) were recruited from rural areas; two-thirds of the participants were employed (68.74%), and about one-fourth (26.43%) were current smokers and 17.13% were current regular drinkers. The mean (SD) MET and BMI of the participants was 21.08 (13.87) and 23.66 (3.38), respectively.
Table 1

Characteristics of the study participants by self-rated health statusa

VariableTotal(n = 512,889)Global Self-rated HealthAge-comparative Self-rated Health
Good(n = 234,699)Fair/Poor(n = 278,190)P ValuebBetter(n = 93,235)Same (n = 321,218)Worse(n = 82,745)P Valueb
Age, mean (SD), y51.53 (10.68)50.27 (10.43)52.59 (10.77)< 0.00151.14 (10.78)51.27 (10.60)52.45 (10.67)< 0.001
Female gender302,631 (59.01)131,178 (55.89)171,453 (61.63)< 0.00150,321 (53.97)188,751 (58.76)53,568 (64.74)< 0.001
Physical activity, mean (SD), MET h/wk21.08 (13.87)22.89 (14.18)19.55 (13.42)< 0.00121.60 (13.73)21.60 (13.97)19.08 (13.58)< 0.001
BMI, mean (SD)23.66 (3.38)23.76 (3.24)23.57 (3.49)< 0.00124.06 (3.22)23.59 (3.32)23.52 (3.73)< 0.001
Rural residence286,703 (55.90)129,793 (55.30)156,910 (56.40)< 0.00141,771 (44.80)193,272 (60.17)46,787 (56.64)< 0.001
Married currently464,607 (90.59)216,143 (92.09)248,464 (89.31)< 0.00184,713 (90.86)292,908 (91.19)73,271 (88.55)< 0.001
Educational leveld< 0.001< 0.001
 No formal school95,220 (18.57)42,999 (18.32)52,221 (18.77)13,235 (14.20)59,244 (18.44)19,440 (23.49)
 Primary School165,216 (32.21)70,612 (30.09)94,604 (34.01)24,664 (26.45)108,479 (33.77)27,045 (32.68)
 Middle or high School222,439 (43.37)105,233 (44.84)117,206 (42.13)46,579 (49.96)136,627 (42.53)32,654 (39.46)
 College or university30,014 (5.85)15,855 (6.76)14,159 (5.09)8757 (9.39)16,868 (5.25)3606 (4.36)
Annual income, Chinese Yuand< 0.001< 0.001
 0–9999144,832 (28.24)56,688 (24.15)88,144 (31.68)25,112 (26.93)83,500 (25.99)32,365 (39.11)
 10,000–19,999149,013 (29.05)64,685 (27.56)84,328 (30.31)26,804 (28.75)94,432 (29.40)23,573 (28.49)
 20,000–34,999126,719 (24.71)62,152 (26.48)64,567 (23.21)22,374 (24.00)84,697 (26.37)16,195 (19.57)
 > 35,00092,325 (18.00)51,174 (21.80)41,151 (14.79)18,945 (20.32)58,589 (18.24)10,612 (12.82)
Employment status< 0.001< 0.001
 Retired84,939 (16.56)33,170 (14.13)51,769 (18.61)17,709 (18.99)49,313 (15.35)13,997 (16.92)
 Employed352,574 (68.74)173,032 (73.73)179,542 (64.54)65,553 (70.31)226,383 (70.48)52,381 (63.30)
 Unemployed75,376 (14.70)28,497 (12.14)46,879 (16.85)9973 (10.70)45,522 (14.17)16,367 (19.78)
Current smoker135,554 (26.43)67,957 (28.95)67,597 (24.30)< 0.00127,937 (29.96)85,405 (26.59)18,733 (22.64)< 0.001
Current alcohol drinker87,847 (17.13)46,470 (19.80)41,377 (14.87)< 0.00121,328 (22.88)53,474 (16.65)10,975 (13.26)< 0.001
Family history of five diseasesc197,147 (38.44)89,283 (45.29)107,864 (54.71)< 0.00139,772 (42.66)116,535 (36.28)35,936 (43.43)< 0.001
Cardiometabolic diseases
 Coronary heart disease15,472 (3.02)3181 (1.36)12,291 (4.42)< 0.0011605 (1.72)7622 (2.37)5861 (7.08)< 0.001
 Rheumatic heart disease938 (0.18)152 (0.06)786 (0.28)< 0.00169 (0.07)361 (0.11)482 (0.58)< 0.001
 Stroke8884 (1.73)1612 (0.69)7272 (2.61)< 0.001723 (0.78)3608 (1.12)4312 (5.21)< 0.001
 Hypertension174,480 (34.02)72,583 (30.93)101,897 (36.63)< 0.00128,007 (30.34)108,330 (33.72)32,531 (39.31)< 0.001
 Diabetes30,300(5.91)9159(3.90)21,141(7.60)< 0.0013709(3.98)16,453(5.12)9018(10.90)< 0.001
Respiratory diseases
 Tuberculosis7660 (1.49)2535 (1.08)5125 (1.84)< 0.0011255 (1.35)4209 (1.31)1996 (2.41)< 0.001
 Emphysema/bronchitis13,289 (2.59)3242 (1.38)10,047 (3.61)< 0.0011291 (1.38)6276 (1.95)5233 (6.32)< 0.001
 Asthma2806 (0.55)695 (0.30)2111 (0.76)< 0.001278 (0.30)1322 (0.41)1127 (1.36)< 0.001
Musculoskeletal diseases
 Fracture35,448 (6.91)16,416 (6.99)19,032 (6.84)0.03126711 (7.20)21,213 (6.60)6377 (7.71)< 0.001
 Rheumatoid arthritis10,626 (2.07)2928 (1.25)7698 (2.77)< 0.0011312 (1.41)5318 (1.66)3467 (4.19)< 0.001
Mental diseases
 Depressive symptoms3281 (0.64)704 (0.30)2577 (0.93)< 0.001319 (0.34)1375 (0.43)1502 (1.82)< 0.001
 Psychiatric disorders1906 (0.37)512 (0.22)1394 (0.50)< 0.001145 (0.16)868 (0.27)815 (0.98)< 0.001
 Neurasthenia5699 (1.11)1503 (0.64)4196 (1.51)< 0.001673 (0.72)2702 (0.84)2208 (2.67)< 0.001
Digestive diseases
 Cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis6195 (1.21)2098 (0.89)4097 (1.47)< 0.001680 (0.73)3499 (1.09)1707 (2.06)< 0.001
 Peptic ulcer20,017 (3.90)6666 (2.84)13,351 (4.80)< 0.0012869 (3.08)10,818 (3.37)5610 (6.78)< 0.001
 Gallstone/gallbladder disease31,001 (6.04)10,862 (4.63)20,139 (7.24)< 0.0014327 (4.64)17,064 (5.31)8685 (10.50)< 0.001
Cancer2577 (0.50)567 (0.24)2010 (0.72)< 0.001217 (0.23)1112 (0.35)1174 (1.42)< 0.001
Other diseases
 Kidney disease7577 (1.48)2401 (1.02)5176 (1.86)< 0.0011133 (1.22)3664 (1.14)2574 (3.11)< 0.001
 Head injury5653 (1.10)2335 (0.99)3318 (1.19)< 0.0011029 (1.10)3182 (0.99)1272 (1.54)< 0.001

Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, MET metabolic equivalent

aData are presented as frequency (percentage) unless otherwise indicated

bTwo-sided P values were derived from ANOVA for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables

cIncluding family history of diabetes, heart attack, stroke, mental disorders and cancer

dThe percentages may not add up to 100% because of rounding

Characteristics of the study participants by self-rated health statusa Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, MET metabolic equivalent aData are presented as frequency (percentage) unless otherwise indicated bTwo-sided P values were derived from ANOVA for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables cIncluding family history of diabetes, heart attack, stroke, mental disorders and cancer dThe percentages may not add up to 100% because of rounding The most prevalent disease was hypertension (34.02%), followed by fracture (6.91%), gallstone/gallbladder disease (6.04%), diabetes (5.91%), peptic ulcer (3.90%), CHD (3.02%), emphysema/bronchitis (2.59%), rheumatoid arthritis (2.07%), stroke (1.73%), cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis (1.21%), tuberculosis (1.49%), kidney disease (1.48%), neurasthenia (1.11%), head injury (1.10%), depressive symptoms (0.64%), asthma (0.55%), cancer (0.50%), psychiatric disorders (0.37%) and rheumatic heart disease (0.18%) (Table 1). Table 2 shows the associations between various diseases and global SRH. In the final multivariate model, suffering from any of the diseases increased the chance of reporting a poor global SRH, the OR (95% CI) ranged from 1.10 (1.07, 1.13) for fracture to 3.21 (2.68, 3.83) for rheumatic heart disease. Similar findings were obtained in the stratified analyses, while the magnitude of the association between some diseases and global SRH was significantly stronger in one stratum than the other (Appendix Tables 5–7).
Table 2

Multiple comorbidities associated with global self-rated health status

Model 1aModel 2bModel 3c
OR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CI
Cardiometabolic diseases
 Coronary heart disease2.912.79, 3.032.872.75, 2.992.542.43, 2.65
 Rheumatic heart disease3.743.14, 4.463.593.01, 4.283.212.68, 3.83
 Stroke3.303.12, 3.493.102.93, 3.282.912.74, 3.07
 Hypertension1.241.22, 1.261.281.26, 1.291.251.23, 1.26
 Diabetes1.861.81, 1.911.851.80, 1.891.771.72, 1.82
Respiratory diseases
 Tuberculosis1.581.50, 1.661.541.46, 1.611.481.41, 1.56
 Emphysema/bronchitis2.652.55, 2.772.572.46, 2.672.472.37, 2.58
 Asthma2.552.33, 2.782.482.27, 2.712.051.87, 2.24
Musculoskeletal diseases
 Fracture1.111.08, 1.141.121.09, 1.151.101.07, 1.13
 Rheumatoid arthritis1.991.90, 2.081.991.90, 2.081.831.75, 1.92
Mental disease
 Depressive Symptoms3.092.83, 3.363.012.76, 3.282.662.44, 2.90
 Psychiatric disorders2.522.27, 2.792.452.20, 2.712.161.94, 2.40
 Neurasthenia2.522.37, 2.672.472.33, 2.632.142.01, 2.27
Digestive diseases
 Cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis1.801.71, 1.901.721.63, 1.821.671.58, 1.77
 Peptic ulcer1.781.72, 1.831.721.67, 1.781.691.64, 1.75
 Gallstone/gallbladder disease1.691.65, 1.731.681.63, 1.721.591.55, 1.64
Cancer2.652.41, 2.912.432.21, 2.672.562.33, 2.82
Other diseases
 Kidney disease1.811.72, 1.901.781.70, 1.881.631.55, 1.72
 Head injury1.231.17, 1.301.241.17, 1.311.191.12, 1.26

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio

aModel 1: adjusted for age, sex, study location, marital status, education level, income and occupation

bModel 2: model 1 plus cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, BMI and family history of five disease (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer)

cModel 3: model 2 plus all comorbidities in the same mode

Multiple comorbidities associated with global self-rated health status Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio aModel 1: adjusted for age, sex, study location, marital status, education level, income and occupation bModel 2: model 1 plus cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, BMI and family history of five disease (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer) cModel 3: model 2 plus all comorbidities in the same mode Table 3 shows the associations between various diseases and age-comparative SRH. In the final multivariate model, similarly, all diseases were associated with higher odds of a worse age-comparative SRH: the OR (95% CI) ranged from 1.18 (1.13, 1.23) for fracture to 7.56 (6.93, 8.25) for stroke. Similar findings were obtained in the stratified analyses (Appendix Tables 8–10). Stroke remained to have the strongest association in certain subgroups (rural residence, male, age subgroups, all education levels and low household income groups). In the sensitivity analysis of including participants who answered “about the same”, the results did not change materially either using better as the reference group (Appendix Tables 11) or using “about the same” as the reference group (Appendix Tables 12): people with multiple comorbidities were less likely to report better age-comparative SRH while more likely to report worse age-comparative SRH.
Table 3

Multiple comorbidities associated with age-comparative self-rated health statusa

Model 1bModel 2cModel 3d
OR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CI
Cardiometabolic diseases
 Coronary heart disease5.214.91, 5.535.234.93, 5.564.484.21, 4.78
 Rheumatic heart disease6.845.29, 8.836.354.91, 8.226.174.72, 8.06
 Stroke8.067.43, 8.757.406.81, 8.047.566.93, 8.25
 Hypertension1.461.43, 1.491.571.54, 1.611.471.44, 1.51
 Diabetes3.122.99, 3.253.122.99, 3.253.032.89, 3.16
Respiratory diseases
 Tuberculosis2.061.91, 2.211.931.79, 2.081.871.73, 2.03
 Emphysema/bronchitis4.504.22, 4.794.213.95, 4.494.273.99, 4.57
 Asthma4.794.18, 5.484.533.95, 5.193.603.11, 4.17
Musculoskeletal diseases
 Fracture1.171.13, 1.221.211.17, 1.261.181.13, 1.23
 Rheumatoid arthritis2.902.72, 3.102.952.76, 3.162.672.49, 2.87
Mental diseases
 Depressive Symptoms4.654.11, 5.274.523.98, 5.123.853.37, 4.39
 Psychiatric disorders5.734.78, 6.865.454.55, 6.544.834.00, 5.83
 Neurasthenia4.083.73, 4.463.993.65, 4.373.222.92, 3.54
Digestive diseases
 Cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis3.022.75, 3.312.772.52, 3.042.732.47, 3.01
 Peptic ulcer2.572.45, 2.702.442.33, 2.572.472.35, 2.60
 Gallstone/gallbladder disease2.362.26, 2.452.342.25, 2.442.182.09, 2.27
Cancer6.095.25, 7.075.174.45, 6.016.465.54, 7.54
Other diseases
 Kidney disease2.652.46, 2.862.602.41, 2.802.292.12, 2.48
 Head injury1.561.43, 1.701.601.47, 1.751.521.38, 1.67

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio

aParticipants answering “don’t know” (n = 15,691) and “about the same” (n = 321,218) for the age-comparative self-rated health status question were excluded from the analysis, leaving 175,980 participants in this analysis

bModel 1: adjusted for age, sex, study location, marital status, education level, income and occupation

cModel 2: model 1 plus cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, BMI and family history of five disease (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer)

dModel 3: model 2 plus all comorbidities in the same model

Multiple comorbidities associated with age-comparative self-rated health statusa Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio aParticipants answering “don’t know” (n = 15,691) and “about the same” (n = 321,218) for the age-comparative self-rated health status question were excluded from the analysis, leaving 175,980 participants in this analysis bModel 1: adjusted for age, sex, study location, marital status, education level, income and occupation cModel 2: model 1 plus cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, BMI and family history of five disease (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer) dModel 3: model 2 plus all comorbidities in the same model From the population perspective, cardiometabolic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, CHD, and stroke), explained the largest part of poor global SRH and worse age-comparative SRH in our study population, followed by emphysema/bronchitis and gallstone/gallbladder disease. Whereas the contribution of rheumatic heart diseases, psychiatric disorders and cancer was small because of the low prevalence (Table 4).
Table 4

Population attributable risks for poor self-rated health by multiple comorbiditiesa

Global SRH (Total n = 512,889)Age-comparative SRH (Total n = 175,980)
PAR95% CIPAR95% CI
Cardiometabolic diseases
 Coronary heart disease4.444.14, 4.759.518.84, 10.25
 Rheumatic heart disease0.400.30, 0.510.920.67, 1.25
 Stroke3.202.92, 3.4610.199.30, 11.14
 Hypertension7.847.26, 8.1313.7913.02, 14.78
 Diabetes4.354.08, 4.6210.7110.05, 11.32
Respiratory diseases
 Tuberculosis0.710.61, 0.831.281.08, 1.51
 Emphysema/bronchitis3.673.43, 3.937.817.19, 8.46
 Asthma0.570.48, 0.681.411.15, 1.71
Musculoskeletal diseases
 Fracture0.690.48, 0.891.230.89, 1.56
 Rheumatoid arthritis1.691.53, 1.873.342.99, 3.73
Mental diseases
 Depressive Symptoms1.050.91, 1.201.791.49, 2.12
 Psychiatric disorders0.430.35, 0.521.401.10, 1.76
 Neurasthenia1.251.11, 1.392.402.09, 2.74
Digestive diseases
 Cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis0.800.70, 0.922.051.75, 2.37
 Peptic ulcer2.622.44, 2.845.425.00, 5.87
 Gallstone/gallbladder disease3.443.22, 3.726.656.18, 7.12
Cancer0.770.66, 0.902.662.22, 3.17
Other diseases
 Kidney disease0.920.81, 1.051.871.63, 2.14
 Head injury0.210.13, 0.290.570.42, 0.73

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, PAR population attributable risks

aNote that the prevalences of these diseases and symptoms overlap and therefore the population attributable risks cannot be summed up but should be considered as relative

Population attributable risks for poor self-rated health by multiple comorbiditiesa Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, PAR population attributable risks aNote that the prevalences of these diseases and symptoms overlap and therefore the population attributable risks cannot be summed up but should be considered as relative We further examined whether treatment would affect SRH, the results suggested that people with diseases and still on treatment tended to report a poor global SRH and worse age-comparative SRH compared with those having a disease but not receiving treatment (Appendix Table 13). For diabetes and hypertension, shorter duration was associated with less worse SRH, while for other diseases, longer duration was associated with a much worse global and age-comparative SRH (Appendix Table 14). Compared with people without any diseases, the OR for poor global SRH was 1.44 for having one disease, 2.37 and 3.91 for two and three diseases, respectively, and 6.45 when four or more diseases were present (P for trend < 0.001; Appendix Table 15). For worse age-comparative SRH, the corresponding OR was 2.13, 5.15, 10.50, and 20.39 for one, two, three and four or more diseases (P for trend < 0.001; Appendix Table 15). When looking at different types of cancer, liver cancer had the greatest impact on global SRH (OR: 3.85; 95% CI: 1.48, 10.01), followed by lung cancer, stomach cancer, other cancer types, intestine cancer, breast cancer, cervix cancer and esophagus cancer. For age-comparative SRH, esophagus cancer had the greatest impact (OR: 8.94; 95% CI: 5.43, 14.74), followed by lung cancer, stomach cancer, other cancer types, liver cancer, breast cancer, intestine cancer and cervix cancer (Appendix Table 16). When examining the influence of undiagnosed diseases on the association, we found that the association become stronger in the sensitivity analysis of using self-reported hypertension and diabetes compared to the main analysis of using both self-reported and screening-detected (i.e., undiagnosed) hypertension and diabetes (Appendix Table 17).

Discussion

In this large population-based prospective study, we found that having multiple diseases significantly increased the chance of reporting a poor global SRH and a worse age-comparative SRH, although the magnitude of different diseases varied substantially. We also found cardiometabolic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, CHD and stroke) had the strongest impact on both global SRH and age-comparative SRH at the population level. Overall, presence of cardiovascular disease (CHD, stroke and rheumatic heart disease) had the biggest impact on global SRH. Other diseases that have a great impact on global SRH including respiratory disease (emphysema/bronchitis and asthma), mental disorders and cancer (adjusted ORs were all above 2.00). Consistent with our findings, Haseli-Mashhadi et al. [20] found that cardiovascular disease had the strongest impact on global SRH in a study of 3289 middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults. Some other studies in different populations also found that cardiovascular disease, cancer and mental diseases were the major determinants of global SRH [19, 21, 28, 29]. In general, the associations between diseases and age-comparative SRH were stronger than the associations with global SRH. Consistently, cardiovascular disease, cancer and mental diseases had the major impact on reporting worse age-comparative SRH. Our findings are consistent with some other studies which found that chronic diseases substantially affected people’s perception of their health status compared to their peers of similar age. In our study, stroke was the most important factor affecting age-comparative SRH among total population, rural residence and male participants. A study in Sweden also found that stroke had the biggest impact on reporting worse age-comparative SRH [18], while a study in Hong Kong found that depressive symptoms was the most significant factor associated with worse age-comparative SRH [17]. Chronic disease like CHD, stroke, rheumatic heart disease, cancer, and emphysema or bronchitis have a great influence on people’s functional ability, which in turn is significantly associated with both global and age-comparative SRH [3, 15, 17]. Meanwhile, people with chronic diseases can experience pain and disability that results in poor SRH. Depression was another important factor affecting both global and age-comparative SRH in our study: people who are more depressed are more inclined to rate their health more negatively, which is consistent with previous studies [30-32]. In our population of middle-aged and elderly men and women, hypertension had the strongest impact on both global SRH and age-comparative SRH at the population level. The contributions of diabetes, CHD and stroke to the burden of poor global SRH and worse age- comparative SRH were also large due to either high prevalence rates or large effect size. However, it should be noted that the population level contribution of different diseases may vary in populations with different prevalence rates. We found that people with diseases and still on treatment generally reported worse SRH compared to those with a disease but not receiving treatment, which might be because people still on treatment had worse disease status or had more serious conditions. In our study, longer duration was associated with much worse SRH for diabetes and hypertension, and this may be because longer duration of diabetes and hypertension was associated with higher risks of complications, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [33-35]. In addition, the number of comorbidities was significantly associated with worse SRH, which is in line with the literature [14, 15, 36]. People with more diseases have increased possibility of dysfunction and suffer more pain and inconvenience both physically and mentally, which can lead them to rate their health more negatively. The major strength of our study is that we have covered a wide range of diseases and the analysis was based on a large population sample of both men and women in ten regions of China. We also included both global and age-comparative SRH measures in our study, and the large sample size allowed us to conduct stratified analyses with sufficient power. Many of the previous studies have only studied the contribution of diseases on global SRH at individual level, whereas we studied the contribution of diseases on both global and age-comparative SRH at both the individual and population level. However, the study has several limitations that should be noted. The main limitation is the cross-sectional design of the study, which does not allow for investigating the temporal associations between various diseases and SRH. Another limitation is that most of the studied diseases were self-reported which may be subject to misclassifications. The sensitivity analysis of using self-reported hypertension and diabetes vs. the main analysis of using both self-reported and screening-detected cases indicated that this type of misclassification might overestimate the association. This is probably because people with self-reported physician-diagnosed diseases were more likely to be severe cases, and thus the association would be attenuated if we included both self-reported and undiagnosed diseases in the analysis. However, the magnitude of attenuation may depend on the proportion of undiagnosed cases. For hypertension and diabetes, the proportion of undiagnosed cases was not negligible, in other words, the awareness of the disease was not very high in the Chinese populations [37, 38]. While for other diseases (such as heart diseases, stroke, cancer etc.), the proportion might be very high and the influence of the undiagnosed diseases would not substantially change our conclusions. In addition, although we have adjusted for a wide range of confounding factors such as socioeconomic, demographic and behavioral variables, residual and unmeasured confounding is still possible. For example, functional ability and/or cognitive levels, which have been previously found to be associated with SRH [3, 15, 39], were not available in our study. Finally, detailed information on treatment and severity status of each disease was not available and more studies are still needed to examine strategies to promote better SRH among people with certain diseases.

Conclusions

We found chronic physical diseases (such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer) and mental illnesses are major determinants of poor global SRH and worse age-comparative SRH. Cardiometabolic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, CHD and stroke) had the strongest impact on both global SRH and age-comparative SRH at the population level. Our study suggests that prevention measures concentrated on these conditions would have the largest effect on the total burden of poor SRH and its consequences such as poor quality of life and use of health care services. Knowledge of diseases that have a great impact on both global SRH and age-comparative SRH might help in exploring the factors behind low SRH status. Knowing the patient’s SRH status and the common determinants of SRH could help health professionals in the health care sectors to focus on the patient’s own goals for health and function.
Table 5

Multiple comorbidities associated with global self-rated health stratified by residential location and sex

Administrative regionP for interactionSexP for interaction
RuralUrbanMaleFemale
OR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CI
Cardiometabolic diseases
 Coronary heart disease2.752.55, 2.962.342.22, 2.46< 0.0012.572.41, 2.752.502.37, 2.640.12
 Rheumatic heart disease3.632.82, 4.672.622.03, 3.370.074.412.99, 6.492.862.33, 3.500.07
 Stroke2.922.67, 3.202.692.50, 2.890.023.162.93, 3.402.692.46, 2.930.23
 Hypertension1.151.13, 1.171.221.20, 1.250.0061.241.22, 1.271.241.22, 1.270.01
 Diabetes1.641.57, 1.711.831.77, 1.900.0071.901.82, 1.981.691.63, 1.750.006
Respiratory diseases
 Tuberculosis1.601.48, 1.731.371.28, 1.47< 0.0011.551.45, 1.661.401.30, 1.510.31
 Emphysema/bronchitis2.872.71, 3.051.811.70, 1.92< 0.0012.492.34, 2.642.452.31, 2.600.99
 Asthma1.891.63, 2.202.161.93, 2.410.692.051.78, 2.352.051.81, 2.310.81
Musculoskeletal diseases
 Fracture1.091.06, 1.131.010.98, 1.04< 0.0011.091.05, 1.121.101.07, 1.140.88
 Rheumatoid arthritis1.821.70, 1.941.911.80, 2.030.801.711.58, 1.851.871.77, 1.970.008
Mental diseases
 Depressive Symptoms2.502.24, 2.782.492.16, 2.890.532.602.22, 3.052.702.44, 3.000.98
 Psychiatric disorders1.941.68, 2.241.881.62, 2.190.682.401.97, 2.932.041.79, 2.310.10
 Neurasthenia2.001.82, 2.191.911.75, 2.070.221.901.70, 2.132.232.07, 2.410.005
Digestive diseases
 Cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis1.561.45, 1.681.891.74, 2.06< 0.0011.701.59, 1.831.581.45, 1.730.07
 Peptic ulcer1.801.72, 1.891.611.55, 1.68< 0.0011.571.50, 1.631.891.80, 1.99< 0.001
 Gallstone/gallbladder disease1.571.51, 1.621.371.32, 1.42< 0.0011.521.45, 1.601.611.56, 1.660.004
Cancer2.091.81, 2.402.712.37, 3.090.012.992.54, 3.512.312.05, 2.610.02
Other diseases
 Kidney disease1.751.63, 1.881.401.30, 1.51< 0.0011.501.38, 1.631.721.61, 1.84< 0.001
 Head injury1.261.17, 1.371.201.11, 1.300.101.191.11, 1.281.201.09, 1.310.81

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio

Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated after adjustment of age, sex, study location, marital status, household income, education level, occupation, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, physical activity, BMI, family history of five diseases (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer) and all comorbidities, except for the stratified variable in the corresponding stratified analysis

Table 6

Multiple comorbidities associated with global self-rated health stratified by age and educational level

AgeP for interactionEducation levelP for interaction
30-59 yr≥ 60 yrNo formal educationPrimary schoolMiddle school or higher
OR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CI
Cardiometabolic diseases
 Coronary heart disease3.032.84,3 .242.502.37, 2.64< 0.0012.422.18, 2.702.592.40, 2.802.562.42, 2.710.79
 Rheumatic heart disease3.062.47, 3.783.682.62, 5.160.553.122.12, 4.583.572.52, 5.033.012.34, 3.870.71
 Stroke3.333.04, 3.652.982.77, 3.21< 0.0013.082.68, 3.542.922.64, 3.232.942.72, 3.190.40
 Hypertension1.271.25, 1.291.191.16, 1.22< 0.0011.141.11, 1.181.211.18, 1.231.321.29, 1.34< 0.001
 Diabetes1.831.76, 1.891.711.64, 1.79< 0.0011.701.61, 1.811.671.59, 1.751.881.81, 1.96< 0.001
Respiratory diseases
 Tuberculosis1.671.56, 1.791.351.25, 1.46< 0.0011.701.46, 1.981.451.32, 1.601.471.37, 1.570.10
 Emphysema/bronchitis2.662.51, 2.812.272.13, 2.42< 0.0012.792.55, 3.042.772.57, 2.972.041.91, 2.18< 0.001
 Asthma2.161.93, 2.411.921.64, 2.250.041.861.51, 2.302.021.70, 2.422.141.89, 2.420.66
Musculoskeletal diseases
 Fracture1.101.07, 1.131.091.05, 1.150.031.251.18, 1.311.101.05, 1.151.051.02, 1.090.06
 Rheumatoid arthritis1.971.87, 2.091.581.47, 1.71< 0.0011.831.66, 2.021.771.63, 1.921.871.75, 2.000.58
Mental diseases
 Depressive Symptoms2.582.34, 2.842.712.20, 3.340.932.832.34, 3.422.522.17, 2.922.672.35, 3.050.55
 Psychiatric disorders2.282.02, 2.581.751.40, 2.190.0022.341.90, 2.882.021.68, 2.442.241.90, 2.650.39
 Neurasthenia2.422.24, 2.611.641.47, 1.83< 0.0012.392.07, 2.762.131.89, 2.412.061.90, 2.250.72
Digestive diseases
 Cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis1.811.70, 1.931.401.24, 1.57< 0.0011.551.33, 1.801.671.51, 1.851.721.60, 1.860.69
 Peptic ulcer1.821.76, 1.891.401.32, 1.49< 0.0011.811.67, 1.961.741.64, 1.851.631.56, 1.700.04
 Gallstone/gallbladder disease1.691.64, 1.741.401.33, 1.47< 0.0011.641.56, 1.731.631.56, 1.711.541.48, 1.590.12
Cancer2.792.46, 3.172.412.08, 2.810.0042.702.15, 3.402.452.07, 2.892.622.28, 3.010.73
Other diseases
 Kidney disease1.701.61, 1.811.481.33, 1.64< 0.0011.831.58, 2.131.681.52, 1.851.571.47, 1.680.16
 Head injury1.211.13, 1.291.040.92, 1.180.0011.261.07, 1.481.241.12, 1.371.151.07, 1.240.49

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio

Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated after adjustment of age, sex, study location, marital status, household income, education level, occupation, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, physical activity, BMI, family history of five diseases (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer) and all comorbidities, except for the stratified variable in the corresponding stratified analysis

Table 7

Multiple comorbidities associated with global self-rated health stratified by household income

Household income, RMBP for interaction
< 10,00010,000–34,999≥ 35,000
OR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CI
Cardiometabolic diseases
 Coronary heart disease2.512.29, 2.762.532.40, 2.682.522.30, 2.770.86
 Rheumatic heart disease2.411.81, 3.193.802.91, 4.973.642.30, 5.750.09
 Stroke3.242.89, 3.622.792.59, 3.012.772.41, 3.180.60
 Hypertension1.191.16, 1.221.251.23, 1.281.321.28, 1.37< 0.001
 Diabetes1.711.61, 1.811.741.68, 1.801.871.77, 1.990.001
Respiratory diseases
 Tuberculosis1.711.54, 1.891.411.32, 1.511.411.26, 1.580.01
 Emphysema/bronchitis2.752.53, 2.992.392.25, 2.542.352.15, 2.560.08
 Asthma1.981.62, 2.432.051.81, 2.312.111.75, 2.540.78
Musculoskeletal diseases
 Fracture1.141.08, 1.201.081.04, 1.111.101.05, 1.150.04
 Rheumatoid arthritis1.811.66, 1.971.831.72, 1.951.851.67, 2.060.65
Mental diseases
 Depressive Symptoms2.982.56, 3.472.552.26, 2.872.271.78, 2.890.10
 Psychiatric disorders2.311.91, 2.782.141.84, 2.482.081.60, 2.700.86
 Neurasthenia2.001.75, 2.282.182.00, 2.372.251.97, 2.560.07
Digestive diseases
 Cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis1.831.62, 2.061.721.59, 1.861.511.35, 1.680.008
 Peptic ulcer1.921.80, 2.041.661.59, 1.741.501.40, 1.61< 0.001
 Gallstone/gallbladder disease1.711.63, 1.811.571.51, 1.621.521.45, 1.600.003
Cancer1.931.62, 2.302.632.31, 3.003.923.07, 5.01< 0.001
Other diseases
 Kidney disease1.711.55, 1.881.621.51, 1.741.541.36, 1.730.16
 Head injury1.351.21, 1.501.111.03, 1.201.171.03, 1.340.02

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio

Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated after adjustment of age, sex, study location, marital status, household income, education level, occupation, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, physical activity, BMI, family history of five diseases (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer) and all comorbidities, except for the stratified variable in the corresponding stratified analysis

Table 8

Multiple comorbidities associated with age-comparative self-rated health stratified by residential location and sexa

Administrative regionP for interactionSexP for interaction
RuralUrbanMaleFemale
OR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CI
Cardiometabolic diseases
 Coronary heart disease5.624.92, 6.434.203.90, 4.53< 0.0014.964.47, 5.494.243.91, 4.600.37
 Rheumatic heart disease6.964.66, 10.385.373.74, 7.720.297.064.03, 12.365.814.29, 7.860.66
 Stroke9.407.98, 11.066.295.66, 6.97< 0.00110.219.08, 11.485.504.82, 6.26< 0.001
 Hypertension1.401.35, 1.451.531.48, 1.580.0011.441.39, 1.501.491.45, 1.54< 0.001
 Diabetes2.822.61, 3.053.183.01, 3.360.303.413.17, 3.662.802.64, 2.960.07
Respiratory diseases
 Tuberculosis2.231.95, 2.561.651.49, 1.83< 0.0011.881.68, 2.111.821.62, 2.060.94
 Emphysema/bronchitis6.355.71, 7.063.162.88, 3.46< 0.0014.383.97, 4.824.193.81, 4.610.99
 Asthma3.242.49, 4.214.303.62, 5.110.403.572.87, 4.443.592.95, 4.370.92
Musculoskeletal diseases
 Fracture1.231.15, 1.311.231.17, 1.290.111.181.12, 1.261.161.09, 1.230.52
 Rheumatoid arthritis2.762.48, 3.082.692.45, 2.960.142.372.08, 2.692.792.56, 3.040.002
Mental diseases
 Depressive Symptoms3.452.91, 4.094.483.66, 5.480.043.773.00, 4.753.913.33, 4.590.88
 Psychiatric disorders4.513.44,5.905.173.98, 6.720.325.653.93, 8.134.483.59, 5.580.29
 Neurasthenia3.352.88,3.903.162.79, 3.570.252.612.19, 3.113.503.12, 3.930.001
Digestive diseases
 Cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis3.002.61, 3.442.852.48, 3.280.963.042.68, 3.462.281.95, 2.660.004
 Peptic ulcer3.152.91, 3.402.091.95, 2.23< 0.0012.212.06, 2.372.822.61, 3.05< 0.001
 Gallstone/gallbladder disease2.372.22, 2.532.101.99, 2.22< 0.0012.021.86, 2.192.202.09, 2.310.001
Cancer5.103.98, 6.537.205.92, 8.760.078.676.62, 11.355.334.41, 6.440.007
Other diseases
 Kidney disease2.362.11, 2.632.322.07, 2.600.982.181.91, 2.502.382.15, 2.630.09
 Head injury1.591.39, 1.831.471.30, 1.660.831.451.29, 1.641.621.39, 1.880.28

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio

aParticipants answering “don’t know” (n = 15,691) and “about the same” (n = 321,218) for the age-comparative self-rated health status question were excluded from the analysis, leaving 175,980 participants in this analysis.

Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated after adjustment of age, sex, study location, marital status, household income, education level, occupation, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, physical activity, BMI, family history of five diseases (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer) and all comorbidities, except for the stratified variable in the corresponding stratified analysis

Table 9

Multiple comorbidities associated with age-comparative self-rated health stratified by age and educational levela

AgeP for interactionEducation levelP for interaction
30-59 yr≥ 60 yrNo formal educationPrimary schoolMiddle school or higher
OR95%CIOR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CI
Cardiometabolic diseases
 Coronary heart disease6.555.89, 7.294.013.68, 4.38< 0.0013.482.92, 4.145.324.68, 6.064.684.30, 5.080.03
 Rheumatic heart disease6.314.55, 8.745.213.24, 8.390.565.783.05, 10.974.692.96, 7.437.715.27, 11.280.39
 Stroke9.548.22, 11.077.927.07, 8.88< 0.0018.046.33, 10.228.026.81, 9.437.967.09, 8.940.78
 Hypertension1.421.38, 1.461.291.23, 1.350.071.301.24, 1.371.401.34, 1.471.571.52, 1.630.007
 Diabetes3.193.01, 3.392.682.49, 2.88< 0.0012.602.34, 2.882.792.56, 3.033.423.21, 3.63< 0.001
Respiratory diseases
 Tuberculosis2.342.10, 2.611.461.28, 1.66< 0.0012.521.96, 3.251.831.56, 2.151.851.66, 2.050.03
 Emphysema/bronchitis4.634.22, 5.083.673.31, 4.070.0014.373.76, 5.075.164.59, 5.813.483.14, 3.85< 0.001
 Asthma3.963.30, 4.743.182.47, 4.090.063.672.39, 5.642.631.98, 3.504.263.55, 5.130.15
Musculoskeletal diseases
 Fracture1.181.13, 1.241.121.03, 1.220.0031.331.21, 1.461.111.03, 1.201.181.11, 1.250.38
 Rheumatoid arthritis3.042.78, 3.321.981.75, 2.24< 0.0012.422.06, 2.852.672.35, 3.042.812.54, 3.100.67
Mental diseases
 Depressive Symptoms4.013.46, 4.653.132.33, 4.220.023.662.70, 4.953.622.83, 4.614.173.48, 5.010.25
 Psychiatric disorders5.684.53, 7.113.462.39, 5.010.0024.342.97, 6.353.882.80, 5.385.824.37, 7.770.07
 Neurasthenia4.073.61, 4.581.891.59, 2.25< 0.0013.712.85, 4.852.942.43, 3.573.252.88, 3.670.45
Digestive diseases
 Cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis3.162.82, 3.552.131.75, 2.60< 0.0012.682.00, 3.592.862.36, 3.482.712.39, 3.070.80
 Peptic ulcer2.742.57, 2.911.851.67, 2.04< 0.0012.702.34, 3.102.572.34, 2.832.402.24, 2.560.07
 Gallstone/gallbladder disease2.372.25, 2.501.681.55, 1.82< 0.0012.262.05, 2.482.172.00, 2.362.142.01, 2.270.04
Cancer7.696.19, 9.565.384.28, 6.760.0024.483.13, 6.416.965.19, 9.347.165.80, 8.850.04
Other diseases
 Kidney disease2.492.27, 2.731.921.63, 2.26< 0.0012.071.64, 2.612.191.89, 2.552.402.17, 2.660.35
 Head injury1.541.39, 1.711.441.16, 1.770.061.701.29, 2.221.651.39, 1.961.421.26, 1.600.42

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio

aParticipants answering “don’t know” (n = 15,691) and “about the same” (n = 321,218) for the age-comparative self-rated health status question were excluded from the analysis, leaving 175,980 participants in this analysis

Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated after adjustment of age, sex, study location, marital status, household income, education level, occupation, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, physical activity, BMI, family history of five diseases (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer) and all comorbidities, except for the stratified variable in the corresponding stratified analysis

Table 10

Multiple comorbidities associated with age-comparative self-rated health stratified by household incomea

Household income, RMBP for interaction
< 10,00010,000–34,999≥ 35,000
OR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CI
Cardiometabolic diseases
 Coronary heart disease4.473.88, 5.164.564.20, 4.964.363.77, 5.040.37
 Rheumatic heart disease4.613.07, 6.926.334.30, 9.3014.136.12, 32.620.08
 Stroke8.327.00, 9.887.326.53, 8.217.295.87, 9.050.97
 Hypertension1.351.29, 1.411.501.45, 1.551.691.58, 1.79< 0.001
 Diabetes2.672.44, 2.913.042.87, 3.233.413.07, 3.78< 0.001
Respiratory diseases
 Tuberculosis2.402.05, 2.811.711.52, 1.911.681.38, 2.04< 0.001
 Emphysema/bronchitis4.604.07, 5.204.223.83, 4.653.893.35, 4.510.04
 Asthma2.782.05, 3.773.823.14, 4.654.193.08, 5.710.19
Musculoskeletal diseases
 Fracture1.191.09, 1.301.171.11, 1.241.181.08, 1.290.69
 Rheumatoid arthritis2.362.08, 2.682.902.62, 3.202.582.17, 3.070.06
Mental diseases
 Depressive Symptoms4.123.33, 5.103.643.02, 4.394.162.84, 6.070.72
 Psychiatric disorders4.323.17, 5.884.863.72, 6.366.754.07, 11.180.15
 Neurasthenia2.792.28, 3.413.322.92, 3.773.552.89, 4.360.06
Digestive diseases
 Cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis2.502.08, 2.992.882.51, 3.322.812.26, 3.490.57
 Peptic ulcer2.722.47, 3.002.422.26, 2.602.231.98, 2.510.04
 Gallstone/gallbladder disease2.262.09, 2.452.091.96, 2.212.312.10, 2.530.03
Cancer5.303.98, 7.086.215.05, 7.6310.327.03, 15.150.02
Other diseases
 Kidney disease2.071.81, 2.372.482.21, 2.782.311.89, 2.820.31
 Head injury1.561.32, 1.841.541.35, 1.751.361.08, 1.710.71

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio

aParticipants answering “don’t know” (n = 15,691) and “about the same” (n = 321,218) for the age-comparative self-rated health status question were excluded from the analysis, leaving 175,980 participants in this analysis

Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated after adjustment of age, sex, study location, marital status, household income, education level, occupation, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, physical activity, BMI, family history of five diseases (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer) and all comorbidities, except for the stratified variable in the corresponding stratified analysis

Table 11

Multiple comorbidities associated with age-comparative self-rated health status: multinomial logistic regression analysis using “better” as the reference groupa

BetterAbout the sameWorse
OROR95% CIOR95% CI
Cardiometabolic diseases
 Coronary heart disease11.651.56, 1.754.444.17, 4.72
 Rheumatic heart disease11.521.17, 1.985.974.59, 7.76
 Stroke11.801.66, 1.967.426.82, 8.07
 Hypertension11.181.16, 1.201.481.45, 1.51
 Diabetes11.441.39, 1.502.992.87, 3.12
Respiratory diseases
 Tuberculosis11.171.09, 1.251.891.75, 2.04
 Emphysema/bronchitis11.491.40, 1.584.354.07, 4.64
 Asthma11.361.19, 1.563.432.98, 3.94
Musculoskeletal diseases
 Fracture10.990.96, 1.021.181.14, 1.23
 Rheumatoid arthritis11.261.18, 1.342.652.48, 2.84
Mental diseases
 Depressive Symptoms11.060.94, 1.213.713.26, 4.21
 Psychiatric disorders11.801.51, 2.164.723.93, 5.67
 Neurasthenia11.351.24, 1.473.222.94, 3.54
Digestive diseases
 Cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis11.331.22, 1.452.632.39, 2.89
 Peptic ulcer11.361.30, 1.422.482.36, 2.61
 Gallstone/gallbladder disease11.301.26, 1.352.162.07, 2.25
Cancer11.641.41, 1.906.445.54, 7.49
Other diseases
 Kidney disease11.271.18, 1.362.362.19, 2.55
 Head injury11.030.96, 1.111.531.40, 1.67

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio

aParticipants answering “don’t know” (n = 15,691) for the age-comparative self-rated health status question were excluded from the analysis, leaving 497,198 participants in this analysis

Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated after adjustment of age, sex, study location, marital status, household income, education level, occupation, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, physical activity, BMI, family history of five diseases (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer) and all comorbidities

Table 12

Multiple comorbidities associated with age-comparative self-rated health status: multinomial logistic regression analysis using “about the same” as the reference groupa

About the sameBetterWorse
OROR95% CIOR95% CI
Cardiometabolic diseases
 Coronary heart disease10.610.57, 0.642.692.59, 2.80
 Rheumatic heart disease10.660.51, 0.853.923.38, 4.55
 Stroke10.560.51, 0.604.123.92, 4.33
 Hypertension10.850.83, 0.861.251.23, 1.28
 Diabetes10.700.67, 0.722.082.02, 2.14
Respiratory diseases
 Tuberculosis10.860.80, 0.921.621.53, 1.72
 Emphysema/bronchitis10.670.63, 0.722.932.81, 3.05
 Asthma10.740.64, 0.842.522.30, 2.75
Musculoskeletal diseases
 Fracture11.010.98, 1.041.191.15, 1.23
 Rheumatoid arthritis10.790.75, 0.842.102.00, 2.21
Mental diseases
 Depressive Symptoms10.940.83, 1.073.493.22, 3.78
 Psychiatric disorders10.560.46, 0.662.622.36, 2.91
 Neurasthenia10.740.68, 0.812.392.25, 2.55
Digestive diseases
 Cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis10.750.69, 0.821.971.85, 2.10
 Peptic ulcer10.740.71, 0.771.831.76, 1.90
 Gallstone/gallbladder disease10.770.74, 0.801.611.61, 1.71
Cancer10.610.53, 0.713.933.60, 4.29
Other diseases
 Kidney disease10.790.74, 0.851.861.76, 1.97
 Head injury10.970.90, 1.051.491.39, 1.60

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio

aParticipants answering “don’t know” (n = 15,691) for the age-comparative self-rated health status question were excluded from the analysis, leaving 497,198 participants in this analysis

Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated after adjustment of age, sex, study location, marital status, household income, education level, occupation, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, physical activity, BMI, family history of five diseases (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer) and all comorbidities

Table 13

Treatment associated with self-rated health status

Global SRH (Total n = 512,889)Age-comparative SRH (Total n = 175,980)
OR95% CIOR95% CI
Cardiometabolic diseases
 Coronary heart disease
  Yes, but no treatment now1.851.75, 1.962.792.55, 3.06
  Yes, still on treatment2.912.73, 3.095.324.85, 5.83
 Rheumatic heart disease
  Yes, but no treatment now2.271.84, 2.803.672.68, 5.05
  Yes, still on treatment7.335.01, 10.7219.2710.65, 34.87
 Stroke
  Yes, but no treatment now2.121.96, 2.284.253.78, 4.77
  Yes, still on treatment3.112.85, 3.399.538.27, 10.98
 Hypertension
  Yes, but no treatment now1.111.09, 1.121.161.13, 1.19
  Yes, still on treatment1.931.89, 1.983.383.24, 3.53
 Diabetes
  Yes, but no treatment now1.231.19, 1.271.511.42, 1.60
  Yes, still on treatment (No insulin)2.882.75, 3.036.516.00, 7.06
  Yes, still on treatment (Use insulin)3.813.36, 4.3210.018.24, 12.16
Respiratory diseases
 TB
  Yes, but no treatment now1.441.37, 1.521.821.67, 1.98
  Yes, still on treatment3.252.42, 4.367.534.49, 12.62
 Emphysema/bronchitis
  Yes, but no treatment now2.081.98, 2.183.343.09, 3.62
  Yes, still on treatment4.023.69, 4.388.107.08, 9.26
 Asthma
  Yes, but no treatment now1.591.43, 1.772.422.02, 2.89
  Yes, still on treatment3.693.06, 4.468.216.14, 10.97
Musculoskeletal diseases
 Fracture
  Yes, but no treatment now1.101.07, 1.121.181.13, 1.23
  Yes, still on treatment1.271.13, 1.431.751.43, 2.13
 Rheumatoid arthritis
  Yes, but no treatment now1.631.54, 1.712.192.02, 2.38
  Yes, still on treatment2.642.40, 2.904.904.23, 5.67
Mental diseases
 Psychiatric disorders
  Yes, but no treatment now1.721.50, 1.973.342.64, 4.23
  Yes, still on treatment3.002.53, 3.568.956.40, 12.52
 Neurasthenia
  Yes, but no treatment now1.901.77, 2.032.692.42, 2.99
  Yes, still on treatment3.492.99, 4.076.935.39, 8.90
Digestive diseases
 Cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis
  Yes, but no treatment now1.531.44, 1.622.252.02, 2.50
  Yes, still on treatment3.923.25, 4.7313.289.25, 19.06
 Peptic ulcer
  Yes, but no treatment now1.521.47, 1.582.081.97, 2.20
  Yes, still on treatment2.822.61, 3.055.574.90, 6.32
 Gallstone/gallbladder disease
  Yes, but no treatment now1.511.47, 1.562.031.94, 2.13
  Yes, still on treatment2.091.95, 2.243.222.87, 3.60
 Cancer
  Yes, but no treatment now2.161.94, 2.405.704.80, 6.78
  Yes, still on treatment5.304.20, 6.6813.729.48, 19.86
Other diseases
 Kidney disease
  Yes, but no treatment now1.441.36, 1.521.931.77, 2.11
  Yes, still on treatment3.212.76, 3.744.803.85, 5.98
 Head injury
  Yes, but no treatment now1.171.11, 1.241.491.35, 1.63
  Yes, still on treatment2.271.62, 3.177.724.08, 14.62

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio

The reference group are those who not suffering from the disease

Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated after adjustment of age, sex, study location, marital status, household income, education level, occupation, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, physical activity, BMI, family history of five diseases (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer) and all comorbidities

Depressive Symptoms is not presented because the diseases is diagnosed on this investigation

Table 14

Disease diagnosis time associated with self-rated health status

Global SRH (Total n = 512,889)Age-comparative SRH (Total n = 175,980)
OR95% CIOR95% CI
Cardiometabolic diseases
 Coronary heart disease
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years2.672.53, 2.815.074.69, 5.49
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years2.021.88, 2.172.832.54, 3.15
 Rheumatic heart disease
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years4.313.03, 6.139.715.63, 16.75
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years2.882.34, 3.555.283.88, 7.19
 Stroke
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years3.082.89, 3.297.997.25, 8.82
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years1.891.67, 2.144.513.75, 5.43
 Hypertension
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years1.211.19, 1.221.391.35, 1.42
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years1.891.82, 1.973.042.85, 3.25
 Diabetes
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years1.671.62, 1.712.712.59, 2.84
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years2.992.72, 3.296.695.77, 7.76
Respiratory diseases
 TB
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years2.221.97, 2.503.943.20, 4.84
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years1.351.28, 1.431.611.47, 1.76
 Emphysema/bronchitis
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years2.782.60, 2.975.334.79, 5.93
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years2.282.16, 2.413.693.38, 4.02
 Asthma
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years2.572.16, 3.074.123.18, 5.34
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years1.891.70, 2.103.432.87, 4.09
Musculoskeletal diseases
 Fracture
 Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years1.121.09, 1.161.251.19, 1.33
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years1.081.05, 1.121.131.06, 1.19
 Rheumatoid arthritis
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years1.841.75, 1.922.702.51, 2.90
Mental diseases
 Psychiatric disorders
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years2.542.12, 3.056.914.86, 9.81
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years1.991.75, 2.274.203.35, 5.26
 Neurasthenia
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years2.732.43, 3.064.874.08, 5.82
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years1.911.78, 2.062.642.36, 2.97
Digestive diseases
 Cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years2.101.91, 2.323.953.32, 4.68
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years1.491.39, 1.602.231.97, 2.52
 Peptic ulcer
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years1.961.87, 2.063.293.04, 3.57
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years1.511.45, 1.572.031.90, 2.17
 Gallstone/gallbladder disease
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years1.661.61, 1.712.362.23, 2.48
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years1.461.40, 1.521.881.76, 2.01
 Cancer
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years3.062.72, 3.458.607.05, 10.48
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years1.761.49, 2.083.572.76, 4.61
Other diseases
 Kidney disease
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years1.751.64, 1.872.362.14, 2.61
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years1.441.33, 1.562.131.87, 2.43
 Head injury
  Yes, diagnosis time < 10 years1.231.13, 1.341.561.35, 1.80
  Yes, diagnosis time ≥ 10 years1.161.08, 1.251.521.35, 1.72

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio

The reference group are those who not suffering from the disease

Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated after adjustment of age, sex, study location, marital status, household income, education level, occupation, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, physical activity, BMI family history of five diseases (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer) and all comorbidities

Depressive Symptoms is not presented because the disease is diagnosed on this investigation

Table 15

The number of diseases associated with self-rated health status

Global SRH (Total n = 512,889)Age-comparative SRH (Total n = 175,980)
OR95% CIOR95% CI
Number of diseases
 One disease1.441.42, 1.462.132.07, 2.18
 Two diseases2.372.32, 2.425.154.98, 5.33
 Three diseases3.913.76, 4.0710.509.88, 11.16
 Four or more diseases6.455.96, 6.9820.3918.30, 22.71

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio

The reference group are those who not suffering from the disease

Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated after adjustment of age, sex, study location, marital status, household income, education level, occupation, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, physical activity, BMI and family history of five diseases (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer)

Table 16

The site of cancer associated with self-rated health status

Global SRH (Total n = 512,889)Age-comparative SRH (Total n = 175,980)
OR95% CIOR95% CI
Cancer site
 lung3.382.15, 5.338.314.08, 16.96
 esophagus2.261.71, 3.008.945.43, 14.74
 stomach2.942.17, 4.007.794.72, 12.86
 liver3.851.48, 10.017.152.28, 22.41
 intestine2.351.78, 3.105.663.59, 8.94
 breast2.311.90, 2.815.944.34, 8.14
 cervix2.301.78, 2.993.702.45, 5.59
 other2.942.40, 3.617.385.41, 10.07

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio

The reference group are those who not suffering from this cancer

Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated after adjustment of age, sex, study location, marital status, household income, education level, occupation, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, physical activity, BMI, family history of five disease (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer) and all comorbidities

Table 17

Multiple comorbidities associated with global and age-comparative self-rated health status: sensitivity analysis of using self-reported hypertension and diabetes

Global SRH(Total n = 512,889)Age-comparative SRH (Total n = 175,980)
OR95% CIOR95% CI
Main analysis
 Hypertension1.251.23, 1.261.471.44, 1.51
 Diabetes1.771.72, 1.823.032.89, 3.16
Sensitivity analysis
 Hypertension1.831.79, 1.863.082.97, 3.20
 Diabetes2.802.69, 2.926.075.67, 6.50

Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, OR odds ratio

Odds ratios (95% CI) were calculated after adjustment of age, sex, study location, marital status, household income, education level, occupation, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, physical activity, BMI, family history of five disease (stroke, heart attack, diabetes, mental disorders and cancer) and all comorbidities

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1.  Health interview surveys. Towards international harmonization of methods and instruments.

Authors:  A de Bruin; H S Picavet; A Nossikov
Journal:  WHO Reg Publ Eur Ser       Date:  1996

2.  Duration of diabetes and risk of ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study.

Authors:  Chirantan Banerjee; Yeseon P Moon; Myunghee C Paik; Tatjana Rundek; Consuelo Mora-McLaughlin; Julio R Vieira; Ralph L Sacco; Mitchell S V Elkind
Journal:  Stroke       Date:  2012-03-01       Impact factor: 7.914

3.  Mortality prediction with a single general self-rated health question. A meta-analysis.

Authors:  Karen B DeSalvo; Nicole Bloser; Kristi Reynolds; Jiang He; Paul Muntner
Journal:  J Gen Intern Med       Date:  2005-12-07       Impact factor: 5.128

4.  Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study.

Authors:  Martin J O'Donnell; Denis Xavier; Lisheng Liu; Hongye Zhang; Siu Lim Chin; Purnima Rao-Melacini; Sumathy Rangarajan; Shofiqul Islam; Prem Pais; Matthew J McQueen; Charles Mondo; Albertino Damasceno; Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo; Graeme J Hankey; Antonio L Dans; Khalid Yusoff; Thomas Truelsen; Hans-Christoph Diener; Ralph L Sacco; Danuta Ryglewicz; Anna Czlonkowska; Christian Weimar; Xingyu Wang; Salim Yusuf
Journal:  Lancet       Date:  2010-06-17       Impact factor: 79.321

5.  Prevalence and Ethnic Pattern of Diabetes and Prediabetes in China in 2013.

Authors:  Limin Wang; Pei Gao; Mei Zhang; Zhengjing Huang; Dudan Zhang; Qian Deng; Yichong Li; Zhenping Zhao; Xueying Qin; Danyao Jin; Maigeng Zhou; Xun Tang; Yonghua Hu; Linhong Wang
Journal:  JAMA       Date:  2017-06-27       Impact factor: 56.272

6.  The Burden of Hypertension and Associated Risk for Cardiovascular Mortality in China.

Authors:  Sarah Lewington; Ben Lacey; Robert Clarke; Yu Guo; Xiang Ling Kong; Ling Yang; Yiping Chen; Zheng Bian; Junshi Chen; Jinhuai Meng; Youping Xiong; Tianyou He; Zengchang Pang; Shuo Zhang; Rory Collins; Richard Peto; Liming Li; Zhengming Chen
Journal:  JAMA Intern Med       Date:  2016-04       Impact factor: 21.873

7.  What does age-comparative self-rated health measure? A cross-sectional study from the Northern Sweden MONICA Project.

Authors:  Göran Waller; Urban Janlert; Katarina Hamberg; Annika Forssén
Journal:  Scand J Public Health       Date:  2015-12-07       Impact factor: 3.021

8.  Determinants of poor self-rated health among adults in urban Mozambique.

Authors:  Boaventura M Cau; Joana Falcão; Carlos Arnaldo
Journal:  BMC Public Health       Date:  2016-08-24       Impact factor: 3.295

9.  Lifestyle, chronic diseases and self-rated health among Malaysian adults: results from the 2011 National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS).

Authors:  Ying Ying Chan; Chien Huey Teh; Kuang Kuay Lim; Kuang Hock Lim; Pei Sien Yeo; Chee Cheong Kee; Mohd Azahadi Omar; Noor Ani Ahmad
Journal:  BMC Public Health       Date:  2015-08-06       Impact factor: 3.295

10.  Risks and Population Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with Diabetes in China: A Prospective Study of 0.5 Million Adults.

Authors:  Fiona Bragg; Liming Li; Ling Yang; Yu Guo; Yiping Chen; Zheng Bian; Junshi Chen; Rory Collins; Richard Peto; Chunmei Wang; Caixia Dong; Rong Pan; Jinyi Zhou; Xin Xu; Zhengming Chen
Journal:  PLoS Med       Date:  2016-07-05       Impact factor: 11.069
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Journal:  PLoS One       Date:  2022-05-24       Impact factor: 3.752

3.  The distribution and correlates of self-rated health in elderly Chinese: the China Kadoorie Biobank study.

Authors:  Xingyue Song; Jing Wu; Canqing Yu; Wenhong Dong; Jun Lv; Yu Guo; Zheng Bian; Ling Yang; Yiping Chen; Zhengming Chen; An Pan; Liming Li
Journal:  BMC Geriatr       Date:  2019-06-14       Impact factor: 3.921

4.  General and comparative self-rated health in chronic stroke: an important outcome measure for health professionals.

Authors:  Ramon Távora Viana; Érika de Freitas Araújo; Lidiane Andrea Oliveira Lima; Luci Fuscaldi Teixeira-Salmela; Christina Danielli Coelho de Morais Faria
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Authors:  Miles D Witham; Philip Heslop; Richard M Dodds; Andrew P Clegg; Suzy V Hope; Claire McDonald; David Smithard; Bryony Storey; Ai Lyn Tan; Anna Thornhill; Avan A Sayer
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7.  Patient preferences for lifestyle behaviours in osteoporotic fracture prevention: a cross-European discrete choice experiment.

Authors:  C Beaudart; A Boonen; N Li; S Bours; S Goemaere; J-Y Reginster; C Roux; B McGowan; A Diez-Perez; R Rizzoli; C Cooper; M Hiligsmann
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Journal:  Iran J Public Health       Date:  2022-02       Impact factor: 1.479

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Review 10.  Profit versus Quality: The Enigma of Scientific Wellness.

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Journal:  J Pers Med       Date:  2022-01-03
  10 in total

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