Krista R Kelly1, Reed M Jost1, Angie De La Cruz1,2, Eileen E Birch1,3. 1. Crystal Charity Ball Pediatric Vision Evaluation Center, Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, Texas. 2. College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas. 3. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
Abstract
Importance: Abnormal binocular experience during infancy or childhood from strabismus and/or anisometropia results in visual acuity deficits (eg, amblyopia) and impaired stereoacuity. These pediatric eye conditions have also been linked to slow reading and fine motor impairment. Objective: To assess an academic-related fine motor outcome-multiple-choice answer form completion time-in children with amblyopia and strabismus. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cross-sectional study completed between May 2014 and November 2017 at a nonprofit eye research institute, 47 children with amblyopia treated for strabismus, anisometropia, or both, 18 children with nonamblyopic strabismus, and 20 normal controls were enrolled. Exposures: Children were asked to transfer the correct answers from a standardized reading achievement test booklet to a multiple-choice answer form as quickly as possible without making mistakes or reading the text. Main Outcomes and Measures: The time to complete the task was recorded and analyzed between groups. Results: Of the 85 included children, 40 (47%) were female, the mean (SD) age was 10.09 (0.91) years, and the last mean (SD) grade completed was 3.42 (0.92). Compared with children in the control group (mean [SD] time to completion, 230 [63] seconds), children with amblyopia (mean [SD] time to completion, 297 [97] seconds; difference, 63 seconds; 95% CI, 24-102; P = .001) and children with nonamblyopic strabismus (mean [SD] time to completion, 293 [53] seconds; difference, 68 seconds; 95% CI, 21-115; P = .002) required approximately 28% (95% CI, 20-37) more time to fill out a multiple-choice answer form. Completion time was not associated with etiology, visual acuity, or stereoacuity. Conclusions and Relevance: Multiple-choice answer forms typically accompany standardized testing in schools in the United States. Longer completion time in children with amblyopia or strabismus may affect a child's performance on tests using multiple-choice answer forms and may hinder academic success.
Importance: Abnormal binocular experience during infancy or childhood from strabismus and/or anisometropia results in visual acuity deficits (eg, amblyopia) and impaired stereoacuity. These pediatric eye conditions have also been linked to slow reading and fine motor impairment. Objective: To assess an academic-related fine motor outcome-multiple-choice answer form completion time-in children with amblyopia and strabismus. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cross-sectional study completed between May 2014 and November 2017 at a nonprofit eye research institute, 47 children with amblyopia treated for strabismus, anisometropia, or both, 18 children with nonamblyopic strabismus, and 20 normal controls were enrolled. Exposures: Children were asked to transfer the correct answers from a standardized reading achievement test booklet to a multiple-choice answer form as quickly as possible without making mistakes or reading the text. Main Outcomes and Measures: The time to complete the task was recorded and analyzed between groups. Results: Of the 85 included children, 40 (47%) were female, the mean (SD) age was 10.09 (0.91) years, and the last mean (SD) grade completed was 3.42 (0.92). Compared with children in the control group (mean [SD] time to completion, 230 [63] seconds), children with amblyopia (mean [SD] time to completion, 297 [97] seconds; difference, 63 seconds; 95% CI, 24-102; P = .001) and children with nonamblyopic strabismus (mean [SD] time to completion, 293 [53] seconds; difference, 68 seconds; 95% CI, 21-115; P = .002) required approximately 28% (95% CI, 20-37) more time to fill out a multiple-choice answer form. Completion time was not associated with etiology, visual acuity, or stereoacuity. Conclusions and Relevance: Multiple-choice answer forms typically accompany standardized testing in schools in the United States. Longer completion time in children with amblyopia or strabismus may affect a child's performance on tests using multiple-choice answer forms and may hinder academic success.
Authors: Susan A Cotter; Raymond H Chu; Danielle L Chandler; Roy W Beck; Jonathan M Holmes; Melissa L Rice; Richard W Hertle; Eileen E Birch; Pamela S Moke Journal: Am J Ophthalmol Date: 2003-10 Impact factor: 5.258
Authors: Krista R Kelly; Reed M Jost; Angie De La Cruz; Lori Dao; Cynthia L Beauchamp; David Stager; Eileen E Birch Journal: J AAPOS Date: 2017-10-09 Impact factor: 1.220
Authors: Krista R Kelly; Jeffrey Hunter; Dorsa Mir Norouzi; Reed M Jost; Ashley J White; Christina S Cheng-Patel; Cynthia L Beauchamp; Lori M Dao; Becky A Luu; David Stager; James Y Tung; Ewa Niechwiej-Szwedo Journal: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Date: 2021-12-01 Impact factor: 4.799
Authors: Krista R Kelly; Sarah E Morale; Cynthia L Beauchamp; Lori M Dao; Becky A Luu; Eileen E Birch Journal: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Date: 2020-08-03 Impact factor: 4.799
Authors: Eileen E Birch; Yolanda S Castañeda; Christina S Cheng-Patel; Sarah E Morale; Krista R Kelly; Reed M Jost; Lindsey A Hudgins; David A Leske; Jonathan M Holmes Journal: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Date: 2020-09-01 Impact factor: 4.799